ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER PROFESSIONALISM IN MOZAMBIQUE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46827/ejel.v9i4.5592Keywords:
English, language, teacher, professionalismAbstract
Becoming a professional English language teacher is a challenge in Mozambique, as it moves beyond a simple teacher training process and acquisition of language tools for teaching. In Mozambique, English language teachers are trained in universities to attain Honour’s Degrees in English language teaching. Indeed, this is happening in all the provinces with less control and intervention of the National Council for Quality Evaluation. Achieving academic levels, obtaining certificates for contracts, and access to employment in the education sector are the main goals for many English language teachers. Thus, this paper is a critical analysis of the English language teacher professionalism in Mozambique, considering English as a foreign language used in several contexts, such as: universities, secondary schools, embassies, public and private institutions. Therefore, professional English language teachers play an essential role in the teaching and learning process and communication through the English language. The National Accreditation and Assessment Council (NAAC) in India and the Commonwealth of Learning in Canada (COL) Document (2007) and review of the professionalism of the English language teachers from Richards’ perspectives (2003, 2011, 2021) constitute the framework for the development of critical analysis of the current English language teacher professionalism in Mozambique. This study's qualitative approach was chosen based on discussions and reviews of several authors who have written about the professionalism of language teachers and English language teachers specifically. Practical examples and current praxis of professionalism are contextualised and brought out for solid suggestions and further improvements on the English language teacher competences and praxis. The discussions found out that a clear benchmarking and English language teacher training framework can help the teacher trainees to perform professionally and competently during and when they start teaching in the schools and become professionals not only in Mozambique but in countries where English is learnt as a foreign language.
Article visualizations:
References
Adekola, O. A. (2007). Language, literacy and learning in primary schools: implications for teacher development programs in Nigeria. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Retrieved from https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/332731468110653011/language-literacy-and-learning-in-primary-schools-implications-for-teacher-development-programs-in-nigeria
Calabrese, R. & Dawes, B. (2008). Early language learning and teacher training: a foreign language syllabus for primary school teachers. Studi di glottodidattica, 2(1), 32-53. https://doi.org/10.15162/1970-1861/217
Carter, R. & Nunan, D. (2001). The Cambridge guide to teaching English to speakers of other languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-guide-to-teaching-english-to-speakers-of-other-languages/306906D89459945DCF14C4031DABE0D8
Carter, R., & Nunan, D. (2002). Teaching English to speakers of other languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://assets.cambridge.org/052180/1273/sample/0521801273ws.pdf
Châu, G. (1996). The quality of primary schools in different development contexts. Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED445830
Craig, H., Kraft, R., & du Plessis, J. (1998). Teacher development: making an impact. Washington, D.C.: Academy for Educational Development, ABEL Clearinghouse for Basic Education. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44824196_Teacher_development_Making_an_impact
Darling-Hammond, L. (1998). Teacher learning that supports student learning. Educational Leadership, 55, 6-11. Retrieved from https://www.edutopia.org/teacher-learning-supports-student-learning
Delahunty, G. P. & Garvey, J. J. (2010). English language from sound to sense. Fort Collins, Colorado Parlor Press. https://wac.colostate.edu/docs/books/sound/sound.pdf
Emery, H. (2012). A global study of primary English teachers’ qualifications, training and career development. University of Essex. ELT Research Paper 12-08. Retrieved from https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/B487_ELTRP_Emery_ResearchPaper_FINAL_web_V2.pdf
Estrela, M. T. (2002). Relação pedagógica: disciplina e indisciplina na Aula. (4ª ed). Porto: Edições Afrontamento. Retrieved from https://www.portoeditora.pt/produtos/ficha/relacao-pedagogica-disciplina-e-indisciplina-na-aula/127891
Feigenbaum, A. V. (1961). Total quality control. New York: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Total_Quality_Control.html?id=rm4QRAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Fenner, D. S. & Kuhlman, N. (2012). TESOL professional standards for teacher preparation, practical applications: preparing teachers of English language learners: Practical Applications of the PreK–12 TESOL Professional Standards.
Harmer, J. (2007). How to teach English. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/How_to_Teach_English.html?id=0s_JZIuhHP8C&redir_esc=y
Henriksen, S. M. (2010). Language attitudes in a primary school: a bottom-up approach to language education policy in Mozambique. Roskilde: Roskilde Universitet. Retrieved from https://rucforsk.ruc.dk/ws/files/32680897/Phd_Dissertation_Final_Draft_.pdf
Heyworth, F. (2013). Applications of quality management in language education. Retrieved from https://www.ecml.at/Portals/1/Heyworth_Applications%20of%20quality%20management%20in%20language%20education.pdf
Hornby, A. S. (1995). Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current English. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Oxford_Advanced_Learner_s_Dictionary_of.html?id=T1m4oQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
INDE/MINED, (1999). Plano curricular do ensino básico - objectivos, politica, estrutura, plano de estudos e estratégias de implementação. Maputo: INLD. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000121164
James, P. (2001). Teachers in action: tasks for in-services language teacher education and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://assets.cambridge.org/97805215/96893/frontmatter/9780521596893_frontmatter.pdf
Kern, R. (2000). Literacy and Language Education. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Literacy_and_Language_Teaching.html?id=HiOj4TV_3DoC&redir_esc=y
Koç, E. M., (2016). A general investigation of the in-service training of English language teachers at elementary schools in Turkey: International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 8(3), 455-466. Retrieved from https://www.iejee.com/index.php/IEJEE/article/view/125
Malderez, A., & Bodóczky, C. (2004). Mentor courses: a resource book for trainer-trainers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Mentor_Courses.html?id=InPtyyeww2EC&redir_esc=y
MEC/INDE, (2006). Plano curricular de formação de professores para o ensino primário. Maputo.
Ministry of Education, (2012). Let’s learn: building competences for Mozambique in development: Education strategic plan 2012- 2016. Maputo, MINED, 2012.
NAAC & COL (2007). Quality indicators for teachers’ education. Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Retrieved from https://oasis.col.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/cc123fbe-30c3-4cf6-afa8-26ce5c800842/content
Passos, A. F. J. (2009). A comparative analysis of teacher competence and its effect on pupil performance in upper primary schools in Mozambique and other SACMEQ Countries. Doctoral Thesis: Department of Education Management and Policy Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria. Retrieved 16 October 2016 from http://www.tesisenred.net/bitstream /handle/10803/394069/ sd1de1.pdf.
Perrenoud, P. (2000). Dez novas competências para ensinar. Porto Alegre: Editora Artmed.
Rani, M. (2016). Developing quality culture in teacher education: International Multidisciplinary e-journal, 5(5), 136-140.
Richards, J. C. (2003). Beyond training. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Beyond_Training.html?id=luNE6oI05V0C&redir_esc=y
Richards, J. C. (2011). Competence and performance in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://www.professorjackrichards.com/wp-content/uploads/competence-and-performance-in-language-teaching.pdf
Richards, J. C. (2023). Teacher, Learner and Student-Teacher Identity in TESOL. RELC Journal, 54(1), 252-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688221991308
Saldanha, A. A. (2008). O dilema do professor - formar para quê. Lisboa: Edições Sílabo. Retrieved from https://www.bertrand.pt/livro/o-dilema-do-professor-ana-de-alma-saldanha/220002
Tomlinson, P. (1995). Can competence profiling work for effective teacher preparation? Part II, pitfalls and principles. Oxford Review of Education, 21(2), 299 325. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/1050874
Torres-Rocha, J. C. (2019). EFL teacher professionalism and identity: Between local/global ELT tensions. HOW, 26(1), 153-176. https://doi.org/10.19183/how.26.1.501
Wallace, C. (2001). Reading. In R. Carter, & D. Nunan (Eds.), The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (pp. 21-27). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667206
Westera W. (2001). Competences in education: a confusion of tongues. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 33(1), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220270120625
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).


