COMBINATION PATTERNS BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES OF FOUNDATION STUDENTS OF OMAN COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES: IMPLICATIONS TO LANGUAGE CURRICULUM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46827/ejel.v13i3.6698Keywords:
emotional intelligence, language learning strategies, combination patterns, linguistic competenceAbstract
This study investigated the relationship between students’ emotional intelligence (EI) and their use of language learning strategies. Emotional intelligence was assessed across four clusters, namely Emotionality, Self-control, Well-being, and Sociability, with all domains receiving a neutral interpretation, which indicates a moderate level of EI among students. Language learning strategies were evaluated across six categories: Memory, Cognitive, Compensation, Metacognitive, Affective, and Social Strategies, with Metacognitive Strategies being the most preferred and Affective Strategies the least. This suggests that students are more focused on planning and monitoring their learning than managing emotions. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between EI traits and strategy use. Strong emotional traits such as Self-control, Sociability, and Emotionality were positively associated with the use of Cognitive, Social, and Metacognitive Strategies, which support active engagement, collaboration, and self-regulated learning. Well-being was strongly linked to Compensation and Social Strategies, which shows that emotionally positive students are more resourceful and socially engaged. Memory Strategies showed moderate connections to Self-control and Well-being, while some combinations, such as Well-being with Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies, showed no significant relationship. These findings highlight the crucial role of emotional intelligence in shaping students’ approach to language learning and suggest that integrating EI development into instruction may enhance learner independence, engagement, and academic success.References
Alqarni, N. (2023). Language learning strategies and learning engagement as predictors of language learning achievement: an investigation of Saudi EFL learners. Saudi Journal of Language Studies 3(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/SJLS-12-2022-0084
Besharat, M., Rezazadeh, M., Firoozi, M., & Habibi, M. (2020). The study of the impact of emotional intelligence on the psychological health and academic achievement success in the transitional period from high school to university. Psychological Science Journal, 4(1), 27-42. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=Ik1wH_oAAAAJ&citation_for_view=Ik1wH_oAAAAJ:fPk4N6BV_jEC
Boggu, A., Sundarsingh, J. (2014). Language Learning Strategies of Less Proficient Learners in Oman. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 19(9):46-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-19984653
Carmeli, A. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior and outcomes: An examination among senior managers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(8), 788-813. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940310511881
Chen, Z., & Zhang, P. (2022). Trait emotional intelligence and second language performance: a case study of Chinese EFL learners. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 43(8), 731-745. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1767633
Creswell, J.W. & Creswell, J.D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage, Los Angeles. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books?id=PViMtOnJ1LcC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (2021). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
Fouladi, M. (2018). The effects of Emotional Intelligence on the choice of Language learning strategies. Indian Journal of Education and Information Management, 5(11), 518-526. Retrieved from https://scispace.com/pdf/the-effects-of-emotional-intelligence-on-the-choice-of-3ehpsgbaz4.pdf
Garrett, P., & Young, R. (2016). Theorizing Affect in Foreign Language Learning: An Analysis of One Learner's Responses to a Communicative-Based Portuguese Course. The Modern Language Journal, 93, 209-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2009.00857.x
Goleman, D (1996). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. Bantam Expot. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Emotional_Intelligence.html?id=znk9PgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. Bantam Books. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0095822
Inguva, M., Tuzlukova, V., Sanchetti, P. (2019). Foundation Program English Language Learner Profile: A Case Study in Oman. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1251-1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1006.13
Ismail, S. A. A., & Al Khatib, A. Z. (2020). Investigating the Language Learning Strategies of Students in the Foundation Program of United Arab Emirates University. International Education Studies, 6(9), p. 135. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v6n9p135
Johnson, G. & Kimbrough, D. (2019). Learning Styles and Emotional Intelligence. Auburn, Alabama: Auburn University. https://doi.org/10.1111/eje.70033
Mansurul, M. (2023). Emotional Intelligence and Its Crucial Role in Professional Success. Retried on December 19th by https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/emotional-intelligence-its-crucial-role
Martins, A., Ramalho, N., & Morin, E. (2010). A comprehensive meta–analysis of the relationship between emotional intelligence and health. Personality and individual differences, 49, 559-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.029
Mavroveli, S., & Sánchez‐Ruiz, M. J. (2021). Trait emotional intelligence influences on academic achievement and school behaviour. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(1), 112-134. https://doi.org/10.1348/2044-8279.002009
Mayer, Salovey, P. & John, D. (1997). Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognitive and personality 9(3). https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
Oxford, R. (2017). Teaching and Researching Language Learning Strategies: Self-Regulation in Context, Routledge, New York. Retrieved from https://www.routledge.com/Teaching-and-Researching-Language-Learning-Strategies-Self-Regulation-in-Context-Second-Edition/Oxford/p/book/9781138856806
Petride, K.V., Frederickson, N., & Furnham, A. (2018). The role of trait emotional intelligence in academic performance and deviant behavior at school. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(2), 277-293. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00084-9
Pishghadam, R. (2017). A quantitative analysis of the relationship between emotional intelligence and foreign language learning. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 6(1), 31-41. Retrieved from https://e-flt.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/docroot/v6n12009/pishghadam.pdf
Radwan, A. A. (2020). Effects of L2 Proficiency and Gender on Choice of Language Learning Strategies by University Students Majoring in English. Asian EFL journal, 12(1), 115-163. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288740309_Effects_of_L2_proficiency_and_gender_on_choice_of_language_learning_strategies_by_university_students_majoring_in_English
Razi, S. (2022). Turkish EFL Learners' Language Learning Strategy Employment at the University Level. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 8(1), 94-119. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311899877_TURKISH_EFL_LEARNERS'_LANGUAGE_LEARNING_STRATEGY_EMPLOYMENT_AT_UNIVERSITY_LEVEL
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (2020). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185-211. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108770422.030
Sarkar, S., & Mamun, F. A. (2023). Exploring the Role of Emotional Intelligence in Education: Implications for Learning and Student Well-being. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews. Retrieved from https://ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR23C2201.pdf
Shao, K.Q., Yu, W., & Ji, Z.M. (2021). The relationship between EFL students‘ emotional intelligence and writing achievement. Innovation in language learning and teaching, 7(2), 107-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2012.725730
Soto, C. J., Napolitano, C. M., & Roberts, B. W. (2021b). Taking Skills Seriously: Toward an Integrative Model and Agenda for Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Skills. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 30(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420978613
Soto, C. J., Napolitano, C., Sewell, M. N., Yoon, H. R., & Roberts, B. (2021a). An Integrative Framework for Conceptualizing and Assessing Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Skills: The BESSI. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123, 192-222. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8m34z
Stevens, J., et al. (2020). Exploring the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Academic stress. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(1), 112-134. https://doi.org/10.19030/cier.v12i4.10322
Stottlemeyer, B. G. (2019). An examination of emotional intelligence and its relationship to academic achievement and the implications for education, Doctoral dissertation, Texas A& M University Kingsyilla. UMI NO, 3043592. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-95015-131
Sun, G., & Lyu, B. (2022). Relationship between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy among college students: The mediating role of coping styles. Discover Psychology, 2(42). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-022-00055-1
Tri, L.H. (2023). The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Language Learning Strategies Used by High School Students, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho city, Vietnam. https://doi.org/10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v7i4p123
Turner, K., & Stough, C. (2020). Pre-service teachers and emotional intelligence: A scoping review. The Australian Educational Researcher, 47, 283-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-019-00352-0
Uziel, L., Price, M., & Alquist, J. L. (2022). Desire for self-control and task performance: A plan is a key. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1011559
Vanderzee, K., Thijs, & M., Schakel, K. (2020). The relationship between emotional intelligence with academic intelligence and the big five. European Journal of Psychology, 16(2), 103-125. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.434
Zafari, M., & Biria, R. (2020). The relationship between emotional intelligence and language learning strategy use. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 1966-1974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.630
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).


