EFFECTS OF TWO 8-WEEK PHYSICAL TRAINING MODELS (TRADITIONAL AND SPECIFIC) ON IMPROVED MILITARY PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE

Authors

  • Leandra Cristina Benetti Campos Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil Air Force Academy, Brazilian Air Force, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
  • Fabio Angioluci Diniz Campos Air Force Academy, Brazilian Air Force, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Operational Human Performance, Air Force University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • Emerson Franchini School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • Anna Gabriela Silva Vilela Ribeiro Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
  • Idico Luiz Pellegrinotti Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
  • Rozangela Verlengia Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v10i2.5000

Keywords:

armed forces, military operational capability, military physical training, exercise

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of traditional physical training (TPT) and military-specific physical training (MSPT) on the physical and operational performance of infantry cadets of the Brazilian Air Force (BAF). This study consisted of 27 male cadets (22.8±1.6 years, 76.0±9.2 kg, 1.77±0.05 m) stratified according to initial levels of physical fitness and randomly allocated in TPT (n= 13) or MSPT (n= 14) groups. The TPT group performed the basic military physical training provided for the military and the MSPT group conducted specific operational training. The variables were analyzed through two evaluations at the beginning and end of the eight-week training protocol. Anthropometric evaluations, physical fitness, and military operational physical tests were performed. Internal training load was determined through session rating of perceived exertion. Two-way (group and time) analysis of variance was used to compare groups and periods of training. Bonferroni test was used as a post-hoc when necessary. The effect sizes were presented by partial eta squared (ηp²) and Cohen dz. No group and time interaction was found for any variable. Regarding the time effect, there was a decrease in both groups in the anthropometric variables. The variables that increased over time for both groups were push-up and sit-up repetitions in 1 min, aerobic power, and squat jump height, whereas time in the military operational physical test decreased. Regarding the internal training load, no interaction between the group and period was observed. Therefore, both TPT and MSPT groups were effective in improving the physical and operational performance of military personnel after eight weeks of training.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter

Author Biographies

  • Leandra Cristina Benetti Campos, Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil Air Force Academy, Brazilian Air Force, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil

    Leandra Cristina Benetti Campos (PhD), researcher and teaching staff, Air Force Academy, Brazilian Air Force, Pirassununga, Brazil.

  • Fabio Angioluci Diniz Campos, Air Force Academy, Brazilian Air Force, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Operational Human Performance, Air Force University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Fabio Angioluci Diniz Campos (PhD), researcher and teaching staff, Air Force Academy and Air Force University, Brazilian Air Force, Pirassununga, Brazil.

  • Emerson Franchini, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Emerson Franchini (PhD), Associate Professor, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

  • Anna Gabriela Silva Vilela Ribeiro, Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

    Anna Gabriela Silva Vilela Ribeiro (PhD), researcher, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Brazil.

  • Idico Luiz Pellegrinotti, Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

    Idico Luiz Pellegrinotti (PhD), Professor, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Brazil.

  • Rozangela Verlengia, Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

    Rozangela Verlengia (PhD), Professor, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Brazil.

References

Abe, T., DeHoyos, D. V., Pollock, M. L., & Garzarella, L. (2000). Time course for strength and muscle thickness changes following upper and lower body resistance training in men and women. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 81(3), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050027

Bosco, C. (1993). Proposte metodologiche di valutazione delle capacità fisiche nei giovani ai fini di individuare le caratteristiche specifiche delle varie proprietà fisiologiche coinvolte nelle diverse specialità dell’atletica leggera. Atleticastudi, 6, 361–371.

Botta, W. C., Franchini, E., Gabriel-Costa, D., & Campos, F. A. (2022). Physical Tests to Predict Combat Task Performance among Brazilian Air Force Infantry Cadets. Military Medicine, usac111. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usac111

Brazil. (2007). Defense Ministry. ICA 54-3: Military Physical-Professional Training in the Air Force Command: Aeronautics Command/Physical Education and Sports.

Brazil. (2011). Defense Ministry. ICA 54-1: Test to assess physical fitness in command of the Air Force. Aeronautics Command/Physical Education and Sports.

Brazil. (2018). Defense Ministry. Brazilian Air Force. Strategic Conception Air Force 100. DCA 11-45.

Campos, L. C. B., Campos, F. A. D., Bezerra, T. A. R., & Pellegrinotti, Í. L. (2017). Effects of 12 Weeks of Physical Training on Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Military Recruits. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(4), 560–567.

Chuang, K. Y., Chien, K. J., Chen, B. Y., Chang, Y. H., & Horng, C. T. (2017). Relationship between physical fitness and body mass index in military training in Republic of China - a pilot study. Life Science Journal, 14(10), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.7537/marslsj141017.15

Conte, A., & Dias Ferreira, G. (2016). Comparison of interval and continuous training in the aerobic power of physically active young adults. Brazilian Journal of Exercise Physiology and Prescription, 10(60), 536–544.

de Avila, J. A., Lima Filho, P. D. de B., Páscoa, M. A., & Tessutti, L. S. (2013). Effect of 13 weeks of military exercise training on the body composition and physical performance of ESPCEX students. Brazilian Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(5), 363–366. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922013000500013

Deuster, P. A., & Silverman, M. N. (2013). Physical fitness: a pathway to health and resilience. US Army Medical Department Journal.

Drain, J., Billing, D., Neesham-Smith, D., & Aisbett, B. (2016). Predicting physiological capacity of human load carriage - A review. Applied Ergonomics, 52, 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.07.003

El Hage, C. C., & Reis Filho, A. D. (2013). Performance analysis and anthropometric profile of students of 28 training course for soldiers PM / MT - CEsp after 12 weeks of physical training. Brazilian Journal of Exercise Physiology and Prescription, 7, 498–505.

Foster, C. A. R. L. (1998). Monitoring training in athletes with reference to overtraining syndrome. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 30(7), 1164-1168. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199807000-00023

Foster, C., Florhaug, J. A., Franklin, J., Gottschall, L., Hrovatin, L. A., Parker, S., Doleshal, P., & Dodge, C. (2001). A New Approach to Monitoring Exercise Training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(1), 109–115.

Freitas, V. H. de, Miloski, B., & Bara Filho, M. G. (2015). Internal training load monitoring across a period training in volleyball players. Brazilian Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 29(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-55092015000100005

Gomez, D. F. A., Jiménez, L. E. C., Muñoz, A. I. G., Amézquita, J. R. C., & Salazar, A. M. P. (2019). Revisión sistemática de la repercusión fisiológica de los cursos militares operacionales cortos para el soldado. Revista Científica General José María Córdova, 17(26), 433–451. https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.402

Haddock, C. K., Poston, W. S. C., Heinrich, K. M., Jahnke, S. A., & Jitnarin, N. (2016). The Benefits of High-Intensity Functional Training Fitness Programs for Military Personnel. Military Medicine, 181(11–12), e1508–e1514. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00503

Harman, E. A., Gutekunst, D. J., Frykman, P. N., Nindl, B. C., Alemany, J. A., Mello, R. P., & Sharp, M. A. (2008). Effects of two different eight-week training programs on military physical performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(2), 524–534. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816347b6

Heinrich, K. M., Spencer, V., Fehl, N., & Carlos Poston, W. S. (2012). Mission essential fitness: Comparison of functional circuit training to traditional Army Physical Training for active duty military. Military Medicine, 177(10), 1125–1130. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00143

Hopkins, W. G., Schabort, E. J., & Hawley, J. A. (2001). Reliability of power in physical performance tests. Sports Medicine, 31(3), 211–234. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131030-00005

Hopkins, William G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278

Jackson, A. S., & Pollock, M. L. (1978). Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition, 40(3), 497–504. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19780152

Jonas, W. B., O’Connor, F. G., Deuster, P., Peck, J., Shake, C., & Frost, S. S. (2010). Why Total Force Fitness? Military Medicine, 175(suppl_8), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00280

Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2005). Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 35(4), 339–361. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535040-00004

Kraemer, W. J., Vescovi, J. D., Volek, J. S., Nindl, B. C., Newton, R. U., Patton, J. F., Dziados, J. E., French, D. N., & Häkkinen, K. (2004). Effects of Concurrent Resistance and Aerobic Training on Load-Bearing Performance and the Army Physical Fitness Test. Military Medicine, 169(12), 994–999. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED.169.12.994

Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(NOV), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863

Maior, A. S., Souza, M. W. B. J. de, Defilippo, E., Granado, F. D., Boabaid, J. W. da S., Beyruth, R. M. de P., & Simão, R. (2006). Effects of military physical training on the muscular potency of inferior members and on indicators of body composition. Journal of Physical Education, 75(135).

Manzi, V., D’Ottavio, S., Impellizzeri, F. M., Chaouachi, A., Chamari, K., & Castagna, C. (2010). Profile of weekly training load in elite male professional basketball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(5), 1399–1406. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d7552a

Mikkola, I., Jokelainen, J. J., Timonen, M. J., Härkönen, P. K., Saastamoinen, E., Laakso, M. A., Peitso, A. J., Juuti, A. K., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., & Mäkinen, T. M. (2009). Physical activity and body composition changes during military service. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(9), 1735–1742. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31819fcd3c

Mikkola, I., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Jokelainen, J., Peitso, A., Härkönen, P., Timonen, M., & Ikäheimo, T. (2012). Aerobic performance and body composition changes during military service. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 30(2), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.3109/02813432.2012.649631

Miloski, B., de Freitas, V. H., & Bara Filho, M. G. (2012). Monitoring of the internal training load in futsal players over a season. Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, 14(6), 671–679. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2012v14n6p671

Ojanen, T., Kyröläinen, H., Kozharskaya, E., & Häkkinen, K. (2020). Changes in strength and power performance and serum hormone concentrations during 12 weeks of task-specific or strength training in conscripts. Physiological Reports, 8(9), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14422

Perini, T. A., de Oliveira, G. L., dos Santos Ornellas, J., & Palha de Oliveira, F. (2005). Technical error of measurement in anthropometry. Brazilian Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-86922005000100009

Pihlainen, K., Santtila, M., Häkkinen, K., & Kyröläinen, H. (2018). Associations of physical fitness and body composition characteristics with simulated military task performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(4), 1089–1098. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001921

Piirainen, J. M., Rautio, T., Tanskanen-Tervo, M. M., Kyröläinen, H., Huovinen, J., & Linnamo, V. (2019). Effects of 10 weeks of military training on neuromuscular function in non-overreached and overreached conscripts. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 47(April), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.05.008

Redmond, J. E., Foulis, S. A., Frykman, P. N., Bradley, J. W., Sauers, S., Walker, L., Canino, M., Hydren, J., Zambraski, E. J., & Sharp, M. A. (2015). Development of a physical employment testing battery for infantry soldiers: 11b infantryman and 11c infantryman indirect fire (Vol. 298, Issue 0704).

Rossi Neto, J. M., Tebexreni, A. S., Alves, A. N. F., Smanio, P. E. P., de Abreu, F. B., Thomazi, M. C., Nishio, P. A., & I.A., C. (2019). Cardiorespiratory fitness data from 18,189 participants who underwent treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a Brazilian population. PloS One, 14(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209897

Santtila, M. (2010). Effects of added endurance or strength training on cardiovascular and neuromuscular performance of conscripts during the 8-week basic training period. University of Jyväskylä.

Santtila, M., Keijo, H., Laura, K., & Heikki, K. (2008). Changes in Cardiovascular Performance during an 8-Week Military Basic Training Period Combined with Added Endurance or Strength Training. Military Medicine, 173(12), 1173–1179. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED.173.12.1173

Santtila, M., Pihlainen, K., Viskari, J., & Kyröläinen, H. (2015). Optimal physical training during military basic training period. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(October), S154–S157. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001035

Silva, R. T., Campos, F. A. D., Campos, L. C. B., Takito, M. Y., Miron, E. M., Pellegrinotti, Í. L., & Franchini, E. (2020). Anthropometrical and physical fitness predictors of operational military test performance in air force personnel. International Journal of Exercise Science, 13(4), 1028–1040.

Siri, W. E. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. National Academy of Science, [s. l.], p. 223–244, 1961.

Spineti, J., Figueiredo, T., Salles, B. F. de, Assis, M., Fernandes, L., Novaes, J., & Simão, R. (2013). Comparação entre diferentes modelos de periodização sobre a força e espessura muscular em uma sequência dos menores para os maiores grupamentos musculares. Brazilian Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(4), 280–286. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-86922013000400011

Vantarakis, A., Chatzinikolaou, A., Avloniti, A., Vezos, N., Douroudos, I. I., Draganidis, D., Jamurtas, A. Z., Kambas, A., Kalligeros, S., & Fatouros, I. G. (2017). A 2-month linear periodized resistance exercise training improved musculoskeletal fitness and specific conditioning of navy cadets. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(5), 1362–1370. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001599

Worden, T., & White III, E. D. (2012). Modifying the U.S. Air Force Fitness Test to Reflect Physical Combat Fitness: One Study’s Perspective. Military Medicine, 177(9), 1090–1094. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00066

Downloads

Published

2023-08-18

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 2 (2023)

Section

Articles

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

 

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

 

  1. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

 

  1. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).