THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF SPORT ORIENTATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF LEADER BEHAVIOR OF SPORTS OF COACHES AND MENTAL TOUGHNESS OF ATHLETES

Authors

  • Jaymark C. Rodriguez Full-time Department of Education Senior High School Teacher-II, Part-time MAPEH Board Exam Lecturer, Philippines
  • Gaudencio G. Abellanosa Professor VI, University of Southeastern Philippines, Mintal, Davao City, Philippines

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v10i5.5222

Keywords:

sports anxiety, friendship, confidence, college student-athletes, moderating effect, Philippines

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the mediating effect of sport orientation on the relationship between the leadership behavior of sports’ coaches and the mental toughness of athletes among Special Program in Sports students in one of the public secondary schools in Malita, Province of Davao Occidental, Region XI using quantitative non-experimental descriptive- correlational research design. Results revealed a very high level of sport coaches’ leadership behavior, a very high level of athletes’ mental toughness, and very high level of sports orientation. The leadership behavior of sports’ coaches does not significantly correlate with the mental toughness of athletes and sports orientation. Sports orientation does not significantly correlate with the mental toughness of athletes. The null hypothesis is accepted that sport orientation does not significantly mediate sport coaches’ leadership behavior and athletes’ mental toughness. More so, there is a partial mediating effect of sport orientation on the relationship between the leader behavior of sports coaches’ and athletes’ mental toughness. Other factors may affect the mental toughness leadership style and motivation of their coaches aside from sports orientation although studies show coaches are responsible for everything from mental adjustments, life counseling, and interpersonal relationships to gathering information about competitions. Furthermore, this approach might be used as a means of continuous improvement for enhancing in-service education, refining current educational programs, and conducting comprehensive assessments of educational tools and interventions.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter

Author Biographies

  • Jaymark C. Rodriguez, Full-time Department of Education Senior High School Teacher-II, Part-time MAPEH Board Exam Lecturer, Philippines

    Jaymark C. Rodriguez is a Full-time Department of Education Senior High School Teacher-II, Part-time MAPEH Board Exam Lecturer, Philippines.

  • Gaudencio G. Abellanosa, Professor VI, University of Southeastern Philippines, Mintal, Davao City, Philippines

    Dr. Gaudencio G. Abellanosa is Professor VI, University of Southeastern Philippines, Mintal, Davao City, Philippines

References

Adzhar, R. J. I., Abd Aziz, S., Zakaria, J., Osman, N., & Azmi, S. H. (2019). Correlation between leadership style and athlete motivation among males and females’ adolescents. Malaysian Journal of Movement, Health & Exercise, 8(2), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.15282/mohe.v8i2.340

Alekseev, S.V. (2018). Sports Law. Moscow. Russia. YuNITI-DANA: Law and Justice

Anthony D, Gucciardi D, Gordon S. (2016). A meta-study of qualitative research on mental toughness development. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol; 9: 160-90. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1146787]

Arthur, C. A., & Bastardoz, N. (2020). Leadership in Sport. In Gershon Tenenbaum and Robert C. Eklund (edts.), Handbook of Sport Psychology, (Fourth Edition), Volume I. pp. 344–371. doi:10.1002/9781119568124.ch16

Bauman, N. J. (2016). The stigma of mental health in athletes: are mental toughness and mental health seen as contradictory in elite sport? Br J Sports Med. Feb;50(3):135-6.

Berry, C. R., & Fowler, A. (2021). Leadership or luck? Randomization inference for leader effects in politics, business, and sports. Science Advances, 7 (4): eabe3404. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3404

Blodgett A, Schinke R, McGannon K, Fisher L. (2015). Cultural sport psychology research: Conceptions, evolutions, and forecasts. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol, 8: 24-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2014.942345

Brand S., Kirov R., Kalak N., Gerber M., Pühse U., Lemola S., et al. (2015). Perfectionism related to self-reported insomnia severity, but not when controlled for stress and emotion regulation. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 11 263–271. 10.2147/NDT.s74905

Calvo, C., & Topa, G. (2019). Leadership and motivational climate: The relationship with objectives, commitment, and satisfaction in base soccer players. Behavioral Science, 9, 29; doi:10.3390/bs9030029

Chee, H. K., Rasyid, N. M., Tengah, R. Y., & Low, J. F. L. (2017). Relationship between leadership style and performance of Perak SUKMA athletes and coaches. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i6s.97

Christensen, D. S., & Smith, R. E. (2016). Psychological coping skills as predictors of collegiate golf performance: Social desirability as a suppressor variable. Sport, Exercise, and Performance. Psychology, 5(1), 67–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000049.

Chow J, Davids K, Button C, Renshaw I. (2015). Nonlinear pedagogy in skill acquisition: An introduction. Taylor & Francis Group.

Clough, P. (2022). Leadership and mental toughness. https://www.learnevents.com/blog/2015/08/17/leadership-and-mental-toughness/

Cohn, P. (2022). Two big problems that hurt mental toughness. Retrieved from https://www.peaksports.com/sports-psychology-blog/two-big-problems-that-hurt-mental-toughness/

Cook C., Crust L., Littlewood M., Nesti M., & Allen-Collinson J. (2014). ‘What it takes’: perceptions of mental toughness and its development in an English Premier League Soccer Academy. Qual Res Sports Exercise Health 6: 329-47. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2013.857708]

Côté J, & Vierimaa M. (2014). The developmental model of sport participation: 15 years after its first conceptualization. Sci Sports. 29:S63–S9.

Coulter T, Mallett C, Singer J. (2016). A subculture of mental toughness in an Australian Football League club. Psychol Sport Exerc; 22: 98-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.06.007

Cowden R. G., Fuller D. K., Anshel M. H. (2014). Psychological predictors of mental toughness in elite tennis: an exploratory study in learned resourcefulness and competitive trait anxiety. Percept Mot Skills 119(3): 661-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/30.PMS.119c27z0 [PMID: 25387038]

Cruz, A. B., & Kim, H. D. (2017). Leadership preferences of adolescent players in sport: Influence of coach gender. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 16, 172-179

Darren P, Gabbett T., & Nassis G. (2015). Agility in team sports: Testing, training, and factors affecting performance. Sports Med. 1–22.

Duncan, N., & Lorena, T. (2021). NSCA’s essentials of sports science. USA: Human Kinetics.

Foskett R. L., & Longstaff F. (2018). The mental health of elite athletes in the United Kingdom. J Sci Med Sport. Aug; 21(8):765-770.

Fouraki, V., Stavrou, N. A. M., Apostolidis, N., & Psychountaki, M. (2020). Coach and athlete leadership behaviors: Examining their role in athlete's satisfaction. Journal of Physical Education & Sport, 20, 3212-3220.

Fransen, K., Decroos, S., Broek, G., & Boen, F. (2016). Leading from the top or leading from within? A comparison between coaches’ and athletes’ leadership as predictors of team identification, team confidence, and team cohesion. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11 (6), 757- 771.

Giblin S, Collins D, Button C. (2014). Physical literacy: Importance, assessment, and future directions. Sports Med. 44(9):1177–84. pmid:24898813

Gucciardi D. F., Hanton S., Gordon S., Mallett C. J., Temby P. (2015). The concept of mental toughness: tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traits. J. Pers. 83 26–44. 10.1111/jopy.12079

Gullu, S. (2018). Counterproductive behaviors: A case study of a private sports business. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 4(2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327183219

Hagig H, Ali M. (2014). The relationship between mental toughness and results of the Egyptian fencing team at the 9th All-Africa Games. Sci Mov Health.14: 85-90.

Hannan T. E., Moffitt R. L., Neumann D. L., Thomas P. R. (2015). Applying the theory of planned behavior to physical activity: the moderating role of mental toughness. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 37 514–522. 10.1123/jsep.2015-0074

Henz D., & Schöllhorn W.I. (2016). Differential training facilitates early consolidation in motor learning. Front Behav Neurosci. 10:199. pmid:27818627

Hill A, MacNamara A, Collins D & Rodgers S. (2016). Examining the Role of Mental Health and Clinical Issues within Talent Development. Front Psychol. Jan 11;6:2042.

Hodges, T. D. (2010). An Experimental Study of the Impact of Psychological Capital on Performance, Engagement, and the Contagion Effect. Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research from the College of Business. 7. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/businessdiss/7

Ignacio III, R. A., Montecalbo-Ignacio, R. C., & Cardenas, R. C. (2017). The relationship between perceived coach leadership behaviors and athletes’ satisfaction. International Journal of Sports Science, 7(5): 196-202. DOI: 10.5923/j.sports.20170705.04

Ismail, E., Razak, M. R. A., Bakar, A. Y. A., & Mahmood, H. N. (2020). The leadership style among football coaches in Iraqi’s public universities. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(8), 153–161

Jones, M. I. (2020). Does mental toughness predict physical endurance? A replication and extension of Crust and Clough (2005). Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 9(3), 461–470. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000177

Jowett, S., & Arthur, C. (2019). Effective coaching: The links between coach leadership and coach-athlete relationship - From theory to research to practice. In M. H. Anshel, T. A. Petrie, & J. A. Steinfeldt (Eds.), APA handbook of sport and exercise psychology, Vol. 1. Sport psychology (pp. 419–449). American Psychological Association.

Juezan, G. I. & Osorno, R. (2022). Sports performance anxiety and sports confidence among college athletes: The moderating effect of friendship quality. European Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science. 8:1. https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejep/article/view/4170

Kang S., Kim I. & Lee K. (2021). Predicting Deviant Behaviors in Sports Using the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior. Front. Psychol. 12:678948. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678948

Karim, Z. A., & Ismail, F. H. (2019). Common coaching leadership style and leadership practice differences between team athletes in Kuala Lumpur School Sports Council (MSSWPKL). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(7), 700–713

Khun-Inkeeree, H., Luckhana Pimjan, L., & Ayotunde Adetola Adelaja, A. A. (2021). Moderating effect of Thai teachers’ perspective on the relationship between teaching perspectives, and students’ engagement. International Journal of Instruction, 14(1), 631- 646. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14138a

Korchagin, E.V. (2015). The legal status of a sports federation as a self-regulatory organization in terms of changes in civil legislation on legal entities. Lawyer.18. 36-4.

Knight, J. L. (2015). Until they know you care: The influence of coach servant leadership on motivational climate and athlete psychosocial outcomes (Doctoral dissertation). Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. Pro Quest Information and Learning. (2015- 99060-475)

Lai S. K., Costigan S., Morgan P., Lubans D., Stodden D., Salmon J. (2014). Do school-based interventions focusing on physical activity, fitness, or fundamental movement skill competency produce a sustained impact on these outcomes in children and adolescents? A systematic review of follow-up studies. Sports Med. 44(1):67–79. pmid:24122775

Li, C., Zhang, Y., Randhawa, A. K., Madigan, D. J. (2020). Emotional exhaustion and sleep problems in university students: Does mental toughness matter? https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110046

Liew, G. C., Kuan, G., Chin, N. S. & Hashim, H. A. (2019). Mental toughness in sport. Ger J Exerc Sport Res 49, 381–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662- 019- 00603-3

Lin, Y., Mutz, J., Clough, P. J., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Mental Toughness and Individual Differences in Learning, Educational and Work Performance, Psychological Well-being, and Personality: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01345

Longmuir P, Boyer C, Lloyd M, Yang Y, Boiarskaia E, Zhu W. (2015). The Canadian assessment of physical literacy: Methods for children in grades 4 to 6 (8 to 12 years). BMC Public Health. 15(1):767.

Mahoney J. W., Gucciardi D. F., Ntoumanis N., Mallett C. J. (2014). Mental toughness in sport: motivational antecedents and associations with performance and psychological health. J Sport Exerc Psychol 36(3): 281-92. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0260] [PMID: 24918311

Malcata, R. M., Hopkins, W. G. (2014) Variability of Competitive Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 44, 1763–1774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0239-x

Magdato, E. P. (2021). Sports performance and challenges of student-athletes in a catholic school. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 22:255-268

Mathieu, J. E., Kukenberger, M. R., D’Innocenzo, L., & Reilly, G. (2015). Modeling reciprocal team cohesion-performance relationships as impacted by shared leadership and members’ competence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(3),713-732.

Matveev, L. P. (2019). The general theory of sports and its applied aspects. Moscow. Russia. “Sport” Publishing House.

McGannon K., Schinke R. (2015). Situating the subculture of sport, physical activity, and critical approaches. In: Schinke R, McGannon K, Eds. The psychology of sub-culture in sport and physical activity: Critical perspectives. New York: Routledge 2015; pp. 3-15.

Meggs J., Ditzfeld C., Golby J. (2014). Self-concept organization and mental toughness in sport. J. Sports Sci. 32 101–109. 10.1080/02640414.2013.812230

Memmert D. (2015). Teaching tactical creativity in sport: Research and practice: Routledge.

Moesch K., Kentta G., Kleinert J., Quignon-Fleuret C., Cecil S., & Bertollo M. (2018). FEPSAC position statement: Mental health disorders in elite athletes and models of service provision. Psychol Sport Exerc. Sep 38: 61 -71

Mohammed, M., Hasan, A., Abd Alhmed, Y., & Ali, A. (2017). Construction measure of psychological satisfaction for the athletes. Physical Education College’s Journal, 27, 269-208.

Moy B, Renshaw I, Davids K. (2015). The impact of nonlinear pedagogy on physical education teacher education students’ intrinsic motivation. Phys Educ Sport Pedagog. 1–22.

Mutz J., Clough P. J., Papageorgiou K. A. (2017). Do individual differences in emotion regulation mediate the relationship between mental toughness and symptoms of depression? J. Individ. Differ. 38 71–8210.1027/1614-0001/a000224

Nascimento-Júnior, J. R. A., Vissoci, J. R. N., Codonhato, R., Fortes, L. S., Oliveira, D.V., Oliveira, L. P.; Nascimento, J. V.; & Fiorese, L. (2018). Effect of the coaches’ leadership style perceived by athletes on team cohesion among elite Brazilian futsal players. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 18(3), 252-267.

Ohtonen, O., Ruotsalainen, K., Mikkonen, P., Heikkinen, T., Hakkarainen, A., Leppävuori, A., Linnamo, V. (2015). The online feedback system for athletes and coaches. 3rd International Congress on Science and Nordic Skiing. Vuokatti, Finland. Vuokatti Sports Institute.

Peachey, J. W., Schulenkorf, N., Hil, P. (2019). Sport-for-development: A comprehensive analysis of theoretical and conceptual advancements. Sport Management Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.11.002

Pitts, T. D., Nyambane, G., & Butler, S. L. (2018). Preferred leadership styles of student-athletes in a Midwest NAIA Conference. The Sport Journal, 21, 1 – 22.

Ragab, M. (2015). The effects of mental toughness training on athletic coping skills and shooting effectiveness for national handball players. Science, Movement and Health, 15(2), 431–435.

Rice, S. M., Purcell, R., De Silva, S., Mawren, D., McGorry, P. D., & Parker, A. G. (2016). The Mental Health of Elite Athletes: A Narrative Systematic Review. Sports Med. Sep;46(9):1333-53.

Ronald, B., & Slawomir, C. (2018). The impact of head coaches leadership styles on players’ motivation – empirical evidence from Germany’s leading youth soccer academies. Advances in Management, 11(3), 35-54.

Schaefer J., Vella S. A., Allen M. S., Magee C. A. (2016). Competition anxiety, motivation, and mental toughness in golf. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 28 309–320. 10.1080/10413200.2016.1162219

Schinke, R., Stambulova, N. G., & Moore, Z. (2017). International society of sport psychology position stand: Athletes' mental health, performance, and development. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. (4)8

Schulenkorf, N. (2017). Managing sport-for-development: Reflections and outlook. Sport Management Review.20.243-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.003

Seeman, G. (2016). The Psychology of Mental Toughness. Retrieved from https://psychcentral.com/lib/the-psychology-of-mental-toughness#1

Shavandina, O. A., Kovalenko, E. Y., & Pratsiuk, N. I. (2020). The improvement of athletes’ competitiveness assessment as an element of sports-legal regulation in the Russian Federation. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 15(3proc), S856-S868. doi: https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.15.Proc3.37

Slack L, Maynard I, Butt J, Olusoga P. (2015). An evaluation of a mental toughness education and training program for early-career English football league referees. Sport Psychol; 29: 237-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0015

Smith W. (2014). Fundamental movement skills and fundamental game skills are complementary pairs and should be taught in complementary ways at all stages of skill development. Sport Educ Soc. 1–12

Spence, F. (2022). Why Every Leader Needs Mental Toughness. https://www.floydspence.com/blog/why-every-leader-needs-mental-toughness

St Clair-Thompson H., Bugler M., Robinson J., Clough P., McGeown S. P., Perry J. (2015). Mental toughness in education: exploring relationships with attainment, attendance, behavior, and peer relationships. Educ. Psychol. 35 886–907. 10.1080/01443410.2014.895294

Stamp E., Crust L., Swann C., Perry J., Clough P., Marchant D. (2015). Relationships between mental toughness and psychological well-being in undergraduate students. Pers. Individ. Dif. 75 170–174. 10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.038

Steltenpohl, C. N., Shuster, M., Peist, E., Pham, A., & Mikels, J. A. (2019) Me Time, or We Time? Age Differences in Motivation for Exercise. The Gerontologist 59:4, 709-717.

Strycharczyk, D. (2022). Developing mental toughness in leadership and why it matters. https://social.hays.com/2021/10/08/developing-mental-toughness/

Turner, K. A. (2018). The relationship between sports leadership behavior, athlete satisfaction, and group cohesion of division 1 female soccer players: A correlational study. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation. Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, Arizona.

Uwayo, F. (2021). Players’ perception of coaches’ leadership behavior as the key to active contribution to team’s achievement: A case study of Rwanda handball league. Journal of Global Research in Education and Social Science, 15(3): 8-17.

Van Kleef, R. (2014) The legal status of disciplinary regulations in sport. Int Sports Law J 14, 24–45

Voevodina, S. S. (2018). Management aspects of athletes’ competitiveness improvement. Resources of athletes’ competitiveness: the theory and practice of implementation 1, 53-55.

Wuff, G., & Toole, T. (2017). Physical assistance devices in complex motor skill learning: benefits of a self-controlled practice schedule. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70 (3), 265-274.

Yagodin, V. V. (2016). Fundamentals of sports ethics. Yekaterinburg. Russia. Publishing House of Ural University.

Yemiru, Z. G. (2020). The effect of coach leadership style on athletes’ performance of athletics club of Addis Ababa. International Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 4(1): 022-025.

Young W., & Rogers N. (2014). Effects of the small-sided game and change-of- direction training on reactive agility and change-of-direction speed. J Sports Sci. 32(4):307–14.

Yusoff, M. R. F., & Muhamad, T. A. (2018). The leadership approaches by football coaches are favored by professional football players in Malaysia. Creative Education, 9, 2341-2349. doi.org/10.4236/ce.2018.91

Downloads

Published

2024-02-20

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 5 (2024)

Section

Articles

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

 

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

 

  1. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

 

  1. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).