A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF UPPER EXTREMITY PERFORMANCE, BONE DENSITY AND BODY COMPOSITION IN WHEELCHAIR AND ABLE-BODIED BASKETBALL PLAYERS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v11i4.5536Paraules clau:
wheelchair basketball, upper extremity agility, shooting accuracy, bone density, body composition, physical performanceResum
The study aimed to compare upper extremity reactive agility and shooting accuracy between wheelchair basketball players and able-bodied players and to investigate the correlation of these performances with physical parameters, bone density, and body composition. The sample included 18 male basketball players: eight wheelchair players (n=8, 41.7±7.6 years) and ten able-bodied players (n=10, 20.1±1.53 years). Descriptive statistics and independent samples t-tests were used for group comparisons and Pearson's correlation coefficient assessed relationships between quantitative variables. The results indicated no significant difference in shooting accuracy between wheelchair and able-bodied athletes. However, wheelchair athletes showed longer response times and appeared slower in the upper extremity agility test compared to able-bodied athletes, though this difference was not statistically significant. Variations were observed in lean body mass, total bone mineral density (BMD), and lower limb BMD, while upper limb lean mass and bone density did not show significant differences. Handgrip strength was similar between the groups, but there were no notable differences in upper extremity power (medicine ball throw) and specific power (chest pass). Key factors affecting upper agility and shooting accuracy in wheelchair basketball players included the type and degree of disability, upper extremity power, and training background. The results underscore the necessity for customized training to improve shooting accuracy and upper extremity agility in wheelchair athletes, targeting each athlete’s individual limitations and building on their strengths.
Article visualizations:
Referències
Alsasua R., Arroyo R., Arana J., Lapresa D. & Anguera M. (2021). Sequential analysis of the construction of shots in wheelchair basketball and efficiency by player classification level. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 14(2), 11. doi: 10.5507/euj.2020.016
Annesi J. (2006). Relations of physical self-concept and self-efficacy with the frequency of voluntary physical activity in preadolescents: Implications for after-school care programming. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 515-520.
Ardigò L.P., Kuvacic G., Iacono A.D., Dascanio G. & Padulo J. (2018). Effect of Heart Rate on Basketball Three-Point Shot Accuracy. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 75. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00075.
Badau D., Stoica A.M., Litoi M., Badau A., Duta D., Hantau C., Sabau A., Oancea B., Ciocan V., Fleancu J. & Gozu B. (2023). The Impact of Peripheral Vision on Manual Reaction Time Using Fitlight Technology for Handball, Basketball and Volleyball Players. Bioengineering, 10, 697. doi:10.3390/bioengineering10060697
Baker D. & Newton R. (2008). Comparison of Lower Body Strength, Power, Acceleration,
Speed, Agility, and Sprint Momentum to Describe and Compare Playing Rank among Professional Rugby League Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(1), 153-158. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31815f9519.
Bali A. (2015). Psychological factors affecting sports performance. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 1(6), 92–95.
Besse W., Hidayat R., Nur S. & Hasanuddin M. (2023). Affecting Factors of Shooting Ability in Basketball Games: Coordination and Concentration, Journal Olahraga, 8, 10-17.doi:10.33222/juara.v8i1.2580.
Bullock W., Panchuk D., Broatch J., Christian R., Stepto N.K. (2012). An integrative test of agility, speed and skill in soccer: effects of exercise. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(5), 431-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.03.002.
Çağdaş, C. & Erdoğan S., C., Ertas, B. & Cengizel, E. (2023). The effect of fatigue on shooting accuracy in basketball: Does performance change after fatigue as age increases?. Sportis Scientific Journal of School Sport Physical Education and Psychomotricity. 9. 513-526. doi: 10.17979/sportis.2023.9.3.9724.
Campbell E., & Jones G. (2002). Cognitive Appraisal of Sources of Stress Experienced by Elite Male Wheelchair Basketball Players. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 19(1), 100-108.
Candra O. & Foster N. (2020). The Effect of Concentration Training on Shooting Free Throw in Basketball Game. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 8(6A), 29-3. doi: 10.13189/saj.2020.080705.
Cavedon V., Zananaro C. & Milanese G. (2015). Physique and Performance of Young Wheelchair Basketball Players in Relation with Classification, Plos One, 10(11), 143-621. doi: 10.1371/0143621.
Collins E.G., Gater D., Kiratli J., Butler. J, Hanson K. & Langbein W.E. (2010). Energy cost of physical activities in persons with spinal cord injury. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42(4), 691-700. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181bb902f.
Darren P., Gabbett Τ. & Nassis G. (2016). Agility in Team Sports: Testing, Training and Factors Affecting Performance. Sports Medine, 46(3), 421-442. doi: 10.07/s40279-015-0428-2
de Oliveira R.F., Oudejans R.R. & Beek P.J. (2009). Experts appear to use the angle of elevation information in basketball shooting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception Performance, 35(3), 750-61. doi: 10.1037/a0013709.
Ferreira da Silva C.M.A., de Sá K.S.G., Bauermann A., Borges M., de Castro Amorim M., Rossato M., Gorla J.I. & de Athayde Costa E Silva A. (2022). Wheelchair skill tests in wheelchair Basketball: A systematic review. PLOS ONE, 17(12): e0276946.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276946
Flueck J. L. (2020). Body composition in Swiss Elite wheelchair athletes. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7, 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00001
Francis J. (2019). Sports performance analysis and the analysis in elite wheelchair basketball. University of Worcester.
Francis J., Owen A., Molnar G. & Peters D. (2016). Modelling shooting performance in elite men’s wheelchair basketball. Journal of Sports Sciences 34 (1): 7(13), 50-50. https://doi/full/10.1080/02640414.2016.1260807
Garcia-Gil M., Torres-Undra J., Esain I., Dunabeitia I., Gil M.S., Gil J. & Irazusta J. (2018). Anthropometric Parameters, Age, and Agility as Performance Predictors in Elite Female Basketball Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(6), 1723-1730. Doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002043.
Gil S.M., Yanci J., Otero M., Olasagasti J., Badiola A., Bidaurrazaga-Letona I., Iturricastillo A. & Granados C. (2015). The Functional Classification and Field Test Performance in Wheelchair Basketball Players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 10(46), 219-30. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0050
Gomes Costa R.R., Dorneles J.R., Lopes G.H., Gorla J.I. & Ribeiro N.F. (2021). Medicine Ball Throw Responsiveness to Measure Wheelchair Basketball Mobility in Male Players. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 30(8), 1230-1232 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2020-0222
Goosey-Tolfrey V.L, Butterworth D. & Morriss C. (2002). Free Throw Shooting Technique of Male Wheelchair Basketball Players. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly: APAQ, 19, 238-250. doi: 10.1123/apaq.19.2.238
Hassan A., Alhumaid M., Alibrahim M., Mohamed S., Bursais A. & Eid H.B. (2023). Light stimulation exercises and their impact on attention focus (visual and auditory), lactic acid levels, and skilled hand speed for wheelchair basketball players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23, 1165-1175 doi: 10.7752/jpes.2023.05145
Hassan A.K., Alhumaid M.M., Hamad B.E. (2022). The Effect of Using Reactive Agility Exercises with the FITLIGHT Training System on the Speed of Visual Reaction Time and Dribbling Skill of Basketball Players. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 10(11). 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10110176
Iturricastillo A., Garcia-Tabar I., Reina R., Garcia-Fresneda A., Carmona G., Perez-Tejero J. & Yanci J. (2022). Influence of upper-limb muscle strength on the repeated change of direction ability in international-level wheelchair basketball players. Research in Sports Medicine, 30(4), 383-399. doi: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1888110.
Katanic B., Ilic P. & Stojmenović A. (2020). The Application of Fitlight Trainer System in Sports, 74(2), 115-126, https://doi.org/10.5937/fizkul74-27189
Kamble P., Daulatabad V. & Baji P.S. (2012). An appraisal of aerobic capacity, flexibility, agility and reaction time in basketball players and age-matched controls. International Journal Basic of Medicine Science. 201232348
Laurie A.M., Pierre L.G & Steadward R.D., (2002). Shooting mechanics related to player classification and free throw success in wheelchair basketball. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 39(6), 701-9.
Lu, Y.F. & Li, W.H. (2022). Psychological Factors in Training of Basketball Players to Improve Their Shooting Accuracy. Mobile Information Systems. Hindawi, 6, 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2022/3012107
Mackala K., Vodičar J., Žvan M., Križaj J., Stodolka J., Rauter S. & Čoh C. (2020). Evaluation of the Pre-Planned and Non-Planed Agility Performance: Comparison between Individual and Team Sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(3), 1-14. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17030975
Malone L.A., Gervais P.L., & Steadward R.D. (2002). Shooting mechanics related to player classification and free throw success in wheelchair basketball. Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 39(6), 701-710.
Marszałek J., Kosmol A., Morgulec-Adamowicz N., Mróz A., Gryko K., Klavina A., Skucas K., Navia J.A. & Molik B. (2019). Laboratory and Non-laboratory Assessment of Anaerobic Performance of Elite Male Wheelchair Basketball Athletes. Fronties in Psychology, 10, 514. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00514
Meinel K. & Schnabel G. (1998) Bewegungslehre – Sportmotorik. Sportverlag. Berlin
Metulini R. & Le Carre M. (2019). Measuring sport performances under pressure by classification trees with application to basketball shooting. Journal of Applied Statistics. 47, 1-16. doi:10.1080/02664763.2019.1704702.
Mikić, M. J., Vuckovic, I., Andrić, N., Jezdimirovic-Stojanovic, T., Ratgeber, L., & Stojanović, M. D. (2024). Influence of pre-shooting activity on three-points jump shot parametersbetween junior and senior regional level basketball players. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 13(1), 5-10. doi: 10.26773/mjssm.240301
Molik B., Laskin J., Kosmol A., Skucas K. & Bida U. (2010). Relationship between functional classification levels and anaerobic performance of wheelchair basketball athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 81, 69–73.
Mutalib S.A., Mace M., Seager C., Burdet E., Mathiowetz V., Goldsmith N. (2022). Modernising grip dynamometry: Inter-instrument reliability between GripAble and Jamar. BMC Musculoskelet Disorders. Jan 24;23(1):80. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05026-0.
Nunome, H., Doyo W., Sakurai S., Ikegmail Y. & Yabe K. (2002). A kinematic study of the upper-limb motion of wheelhair basketball shooting in tetraplegic adults. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 39(1), 63-71.
Ogawa M., Hoshino S., Fujiwara M. & Nakata H. (2019). Relationship between basketball free-throw accuracy and other performance variables among collegiate female players. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, 8, 127-136. doi: 10.7600/jpfsm.8.127.
Oliveira L., Oliveira S., Guimarães F. & Costa M. (2017). Contributions of body fat, fat free mass and arm muscle area in athletic performance of wheelchair basketball players Motricidade, 13(2), 36-48.
Özdalyan F. Mancı E. Gencoglu C. Gümüş H. & Kosova S. (2022). Comparison of the Shooting Angles and Shooting Accuracy in Wheelchair Basketball and Basketball Players. Journal of Human Movement Studies. 48, 35-45. doi:10.21134/eurjhm.2022.48.4.
Pehar M., Sisic N., Sekulic D., Coh M., Uljevic O., Spasic M., & Idrizovic K. (2017). Analyzing the relationship between anthropometric and motor indices with basketball specific pre-planned and non-planned agility performances. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 58(7-8), 1037-1044.
Petrigna L., Pajaujiene S. & Musumeci G. (2022). Physical fitness assessment in wheelchair basketball: A mini-review. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4.doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1035570
Prvulovic N., Hadzovic M. & Lilic A.A. (2022). Biomechanical Analysis of the Free Throw Shooting Technique in Wheelchair Basketball: A Pilot Study. Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education, 6(1), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.26773/jaspe.220101
Ribeiro N.F., Loturco I., Henrique L.G., Rodrigues D.J., Irineu G.J. & Gomes C.R.R. (2022). Correlations Between Medicine Ball Throw with Wheelchair Mobility and Isokinetic Tests in Basketball Para-Athletes. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 31(1), 125-129. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2020-0437.
Scanlan A., Humphries B., Tucker P.S. & Dalbo V. (2014). The influence of physical and cognitive factors on reactive agility performance in men basketball players. Journal of sports sciences, 32(4), 367-374.
Schaun G., Ribeiro Y., Vaz M. & Del Vecchio F. (2013). Correlation between Agility, Lower Limb Power and Performance in a Sport-Specific Test in Female Volleyball Players. International Journal of Sports Science. 3(5), 141-146.
Sheppard J.M. & Young, W.B. (2006). Agility literature review: classifications, training and testing. Journal of Sports Sciences. 24(9), 919-32. doi: 10.1080/02640410500457109
Shigematsu S., Ogawa M., Neya M., Fujiwara M. & Nakata H. (2021). The relationship between free-throw accuracy and performance variables in male wheelchair basketball payers. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2022.174.18
Silvestri F., Campanella M., Bertollo M., Albuquerque M., Bonavolontà V., Perroni F., Baldari C., Guidetti L. & Curzi D. (2023). Acute Effects of Fitlight Training on Cognitive-Motor Processes in Young Basketball Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Vol.20(1), p.817. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20010817
Šimonek S., Horicka P. & Hianik J. (2017). The differences in acceleration, maximal speed and agility between soccer, basketball, volleyball and handball players. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 12, 73-82.
Slegers N, Lee D, Wong G. (2021). The Relationship of Intra-Individual Release Variability with Distance and Shooting Performance in Basketball. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, Jun 18;20(3):508-515.
Sunita R. (2018). A comparative study of speed and agility variables of athletics and football players. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education, 3(1): 396-397.
Sutton L, Wallace J, Goosey-Tolfrey V, Scott M, Reilly T. (2009). Body composition of female wheelchair athletes. Int J Sports Med. 30(4):259-65. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1105941.
Tachibana K., Mutsuzaki H., Shimizu Y., Doi T., Hotta K. & Wadano Y. (2019). Influence of Functional Classification on Skill Tests in Elite Female Wheelchair Basketball Athletes. Medicina(Kaunas). 55(11), 740. doi: 10.3390/medicina55110740.
Tatlıcı A. & Özer Ö. (2023). Comparison of Resting and Fatigue Visual-Motor Reaction Timeof Turkey Men’s Deaf National Basketball Players Research. Quarterly for Exercise and Sport / Shape America. doi:10.1080/02701367.2023.2179322.
Yanci J., Granados C., Otero M., Badiola A., Olasagasti J., Bidaurrazaga-Letona I., Iturricastillo A. & Gil S.M. (2015). Sprint, Agility, Strength and Endurance Capacity in Wheelchair Basketball Players. Biology of Sport. 32, 71–78. doi: 10.5604/20831862.1127285.
Yildirim N.U., Comert E. & Ozengin N. (2010). Shoulder pain: a comparison of wheelchair basketball players with trunk control and without trunk control. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 23(2), 55-61. doi: 10.3233/BMR-2010-0250.
Vanlandewijck Y.C., Evaggelinou C., Daly D.D., Verellen J., Van Houtte S., Aspeslagh V. & Zwakhoven B. (2004). The relationship between functional potential and field performance in elite female wheelchair basketball players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, 668–675.
Zacharakis E. (2020). The effect of upper limb characteristics on palm strength, anaerobic power, and technical skills of wheelchair basketball players of varying classification. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(2), 584-591. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.02086
Descàrregues
Publicat
Número
Secció
Llicència
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
