DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A MULTI-EXERCISE DESIGN (MXD) COMMITMENT SCALE: AN EXPLORATORY SEQUENTIAL DESIGN

Authors

  • Wilfredo M. Atayan Sultan Kudarat State University, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines
  • Porferia S. Poralan University of the Immaculate Conception, Davao City, Philippines

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v12i6.6049

Keywords:

commitment to exercise, multi-exercise design (MXD) fitness program, exploratory sequential, mixed methods, Philippines

Abstract

The study aimed to develop a context-specific scale to measure the fitness enthusiasts' commitment to exercise in regions XI and XII using a multi-exercise design (MXD) fitness program. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, specifically the exploratory sequential design. In the qualitative phase, seven themes emerged: having physiological satisfaction, experiencing psychological satisfaction, acknowledging gained benefits, maintaining health conditions, creating impressions about MXD fitness exercise, improving social engagement, and achieving social support. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to code and analyze the participants' answers to the checklist, with 55 items were encoded and analyzed using EFA. This analysis revealed five key dimensions: social modeling, expected outcomes, self-efficacy, physiological satisfaction, and health outcomes. This structure was a better-fitting, more parsimonious model using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and other test indices. A CFA was done on the 50-item tool to ensure it had the correct final dimensions, the items were correctly assigned to their factors, and the factor models were a good fit. Finally, we conducted reliability tests to verify the validity of the results related to the respondents' commitment to the MXD fitness program. Data also revealed no significant difference when grouped based on age, sex, weight, and status. Further, quantitative data results confirm qualitative data results.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter

Author Biographies

  • Wilfredo M. Atayan, Sultan Kudarat State University, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines

    Wilfredo M. Atayan is a seasoned educator and dynamic leader in physical education, currently serving as an Associate Professor I at Sultan Kudarat State University, Tacurong Campus. Over three decades of extensive experience in teaching, sports, coaching, and cultural organizing, he has consistently demonstrated excellence in fostering holistic student development through physical education, performing arts, and socio-cultural activities. Born in Quezon City and residing in Tacurong City, Mr. Atayan earned his Master of Arts in Teaching Physical Education from Sultan Kudarat State University, Tacurong City, Province of Sultan Kudarat. A dynamic and multi-talented individual, he is renowned for his roles as an event organizer, fitness instructor, and sports enthusiast, with remarkable expertise in dancing, acting, and sports development. His impressive career includes key leadership positions such as school sports director, head coach for soccer and football, martial arts practitioner, and sports and socio-cultural coordinator. Beyond his academic contributions, he extended his service to the community by serving as a DILG CSIS Field Manager in Sultan Kudarat Province, showcasing his commitment to leadership and development. An active member and officer in numerous cultural and athletic organizations, Mr. Atayan has contributed significantly as the President of the South Cotabato Football Association, president of the Association of Mindanao Physical Educators in Region XII and president of the Kiwanis Club of Koronadal, Division 6A. He has also been an esteemed member of performance groups such as the Dipolog City Dance Troupe and Sining ng Kambayoka Theatre Arts of MSU. Mr. Atayan continues to inspire through his commitment to physical wellness, cultural enrichment, and academic excellence, making him a respected figure in both educational and community development circles.

  • Porferia S. Poralan, University of the Immaculate Conception, Davao City, Philippines

    Dr. Porferia Sarana Poralan is an accomplished educator with extensive experience spanning grade school to graduate school, specializing in physical education, health, and music. She is also recognized for her teaching excellence, research contributions, and administrative leadership in higher education. She holds a PhD in Educational Leadership and a master’s in Physical Education, along with a Master of Arts in Guidance Counseling. Her professional journey includes serving as Graduate School Program Coordinator (2022–Present), Program Dean (2012–2016), and Research Capability-Building Coordinator (2016–2018) at the University of the Immaculate Conception. She has also taught for over two decades, instructing at all academic levels. Dr. Poralan actively contributes to quality assurance and research ethics in education, serving as a member of CHED’s Regional Quality Assurance Team (RQAT) (2019–2024) and as an Affiliated Scientist Member of her university’s Research Ethics Committee (2019–2023). She has authored textbooks and research publications in physical education. Her leadership and teaching excellence have earned her prestigious awards, including being recognized as one of the Top Five Most Outstanding Teachers in Region XI (2022). Her expertise includes curriculum development, leadership training, research methodologies, and administrative management. She continues to engage in professional development through training, research, and academic conferences.

References

Andrade A. C. d. S., Mingoti S. A., Fernandes A. P., Andrade R. G. d., Friche A. d. L., Xavier C. C., Caiaffa W. T. (2018). Neighborhood-based physical activity differences: Evaluation of the effect of health promotion program. PLoS ONE, 13(2), doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192115

Boyst, J. P. (2009). An examination of sport commitment in collegiate athletes (Master’s thesis, University of North Carolina at Greensboro). UNCG Institutional Repository. https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/Boyst_uncg_0154M_10149.pdf

Cagas J, Eric Julian M, Beatriz T, S.P. Chessa, Comparison of exercise versus sport participation motives among Filipino university students, Asia Life Sciences, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 703-713, 2015. https://pages.upd.edu.ph/sites/default/files/ejmanalastas/files/cagas_et_al._asia_life_sciences_242_703-713_2015.galley_proof_04_mar_2015 .pdf

Cagas, J. Y., Mallari, M. F. T., Torre, B. A., Kang, M. G. D. P., Palad, Y. Y., Guisihan, R. M., Aurellado, M. I., Sanchez-Pituk, C., Realin, J. G. P., Sabado, M. L. C., Ulanday, M. E. D., Baltasar, J. F., Maghanoy, M. L. A., Ramos, R. A. A., Santos, R. A. B., & Capio, C. M., Chendo, I.; Silva, C.; Duarte, G.S.; Prada, L.; Vian, J.; Quintão, A.; Voon, V.; Ferreira, J.J. Frequency of Depressive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Park. Dis. 2022, 12, 1409–1418.

Chen Y, Sloan FA, Yashkin AP. Adherence to diabetes guidelines for screening, physical activity, and medication and onset of complications and death. J Diabetes Complications. 2015;29(8):1228-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.07.005

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2017). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Davis, C., Brewer, H., & Ratusny, D. (1993). Commitment to Exercise Scale (CES) [Database record]. PsycTESTS. https://doi.org/10.1037/t53199-000.

Davis, A., Taylor, J., & Cohen, E. (2015). Social bonds and exercise: Evidence for a reciprocal relationship. PLoS One, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136705.

DeBate, R. D., Huberty, J., & Gabriel, K. P. (2009). Reliability and validity of the Commitment to Physical Activity Scale for adolescent girls. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6(1), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.1.97

Derakhshanpoor, A., Vaez Mousavi, M., & Taheri, H. R. (2016). Introducing the Questionnaire of Commitment to Exercise. Global Journal of Health Science, 9(6), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n6p151

Fahey T. D., Insel P., Roth T. (2018). Fit & well (13th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6(10). doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X (18)30357-7

Guthold, R., Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M., & Bull, F. C. (2020). Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants. The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health, 4(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on psychological science, 10(2), 227-237.

Lachman, M. E., Lipsitz, L., Lubben, J., Castaneda-Sceppa, C., & Jette, A. M. (2018). When Adults Don’t Exercise: Behavioral Strategies to Increase Physical Activity in Sedentary Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Innovation in Aging, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/GERONI/IGY007

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., & Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(11), 1218-1239.

Maher, J. P., Pincus, A. L., Ram, N., & Conroy, D. E. (2015). Daily physical activity and life satisfaction across adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 51(10), 1407–1419. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000037

Mcphee JS, French DP, Jackson D, Nazroo J, Pendleton N, Degens H. (2018). Physical Activity in older age: perspectives for healthy aging and frailty. Biogerontology; 17(3):567_80. doi:10.1007/s10522-016-9641_0 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26936444/

Nik-Nasir, N. M., Md-Yasin, M., Ariffin, F., Mat-Nasir, N., Miskan, M., Abu-Bakar, N., & Yusoff, K. (2022). Physical Activity in Malaysia: Are We Doing Enough? Findings from the REDISCOVER Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH192416888

Pengpid, S.; Peltzer, K. Sedentary behaviour, physical activity and life satisfaction, happiness and perceived health status in university students from 24 countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2084. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31200427/

Pescatello, L. S., Arena, R., Riebe, D., & Thompson, P. D. (2015). ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139760/

Robbins, L. B., Ling, J., Wesolek, S. M., Kazanis, A. S., Bourne, K. A., & Resnicow, K. (2017). Reliability and Validity of the Commitment to Physical Activity Scale for Adolescents. American Journal of Health Promotion: AJHP, 31(4), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.4278/AJHP.150114-QUAN-665

Röhr, S., Wittmann, F., Engel, C., Enzenbach, C., Witte, A. V., Villringer, A., ... & Riedel (2021). Social factors and the prevalence of social isolation in a population-based adult cohort. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 1-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34533607/

Stratas, A., Karlis, G., Gravelle, F., & Lagacé, M. (2022). Factors influencing commitment to maintaining long-term exercise in adults over the age of 50. Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure, 45(3), 626–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.2022.2141429

Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or Confirmatory Factor Analysis? Proceedings of the 31st Annual SAS Users Group International Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., Paper Number 200-31. Retrieved from SAS Support. https://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings/proceedings/sugi31/200-31.pdf

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.

Vaz, C.T.; de Souza Andrade, A.C.; Proietti, F.A.; Xavier, C.C.; de Lima Friche, A.A.; Caiaffa, W.T. A multilevel model of life satisfaction among old people: Individual characteristics and neighborhood physical disorder. BMC Public Health 2019, 19, 861. https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31269940

Williams BM, Kraemer RR. Comparison of cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses in kettlebell high-intensity interval training versus sprint interval cycling. J Strength Cond Res 29: 3317–3325, 2015. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26360962/

Williams, S., Booton, T., Watson, M., Rowland, D., and Altini, M. (2017). Heart rate variability is a moderating factor in the workload-injury relationship of competitive CrossFit–athletes. J. Sports Sci. Med. 16, 443–449.

Williams BM, Kraemer RR. Comparison of cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses in kettlebell high-intensity interval training versus sprint interval cycling. J Strength Cond Res 29: 3317–3325, 2013.

World Health Organization. WHO Life expectancy. WHO. Available via https://www.who.int/gho/mortality.burden.disease/lifetable/situationtrends.text/en/. Published 2018 (Accessed 19 January 2019).

World Health Organization. (2019). World Health Statistics 2019: Monitoring Health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva: WHO. Retrieved from WHO Publications.

World Health Organization. The Global Status Report on Physical Activity 2022. Available online: https://www.who.int/teams/health-promotion/physical-activity/global-status-report-on-physical-activity-2022 (accessed on 1 November 2022).

Zhang, Z.; Chen, W. A systematic review of the relationship between physical activity and happiness. J. Happiness Stud. 2019, 20, 1305–1322.

Downloads

Published

2025-06-02

Issue

Vol. 12 No. 6 (2025)

Section

Articles

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

 

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

 

  1. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

 

  1. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).