HORIZONTAL DEPLOYMENT: THE PLIGHT OF BTVTED GRADUATES TEACHING CORE SUBJECTS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TAGUM CITY, PHILIPPINES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v13i4.6622Nøgleord:
education, out-of-field teaching, phenomenology, BTVTED graduates, PhilippinesResumé
This paper aimed to discern the lived experience of BTVTED graduates handling core academic subjects in public secondary schools, empirically identify the challenges, adaptive strategies, and insights that would add to the growing body of knowledge in out-of-field teaching. This study examined the lived experiences of 12 BTVTED graduates, selected via purposive sampling, using a phenomenological approach and Colaizzi's six-step descriptive method. The researchers used a two-pronged approach to gather data and obtain these opinions: five participants participated in a focus group discussion (FGD), and the remaining seven provided in-depth interviews (IDI) to provide in-depth viewpoints. The data emerged 13 themes: pedagogical adjustment difficulties, systemic curriculum-related challenges, gaps in content mastery; professional identity struggles and self-doubt; pressure from student expectations; resourcefulness and continuous learning; leveraging technology and digital tools; adapting Tech-Voc approaches to core subjects; collaborative and peer-supported strategies; intensive lesson preparation and adaptation; flexibility and professional identity transformation; pedagogical growth and enhanced effectiveness; and system-level insights and reflective practice. These suggest that peer mentoring and seminars, the formal integration of adaptive strategies through training, and an intensive review of DepEd's hiring and deployment guidelines are key recommendations to address this phenomenon. Moreover, future research studies on this topic may be conducted in various dimensions to explore the broader prevalence of this phenomenon.Referencer
Agyapong, B., Obuobi-Donkor, G., Burback, L., & Wei, Y. (2022). Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among teachers: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 10706, doi: 10.3390/ijerph191710706
Ambroce, J. & Daza, S. (2025). Lived Experiences of Out-of-Field Public School Science Teachers: A Qualitative Research. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 36(10), 1172-1200, doi: 10.70838/pemj.36101
Arinaitwe, D. (2021). Practices and strategies for enhancing learning through collaboration between vocational teacher training institutions and workplaces. Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 13(1), doi: 10.1186/s40461-021-00117-z
Auletto, A. (2021). Making sense of early-career teacher support, satisfaction, and commitment. Teaching and Teacher Education, 102, doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2021.103321
Aventura, Jemarie, and Michelle Viña. “Out-of-Field Teaching: the Endeavors of Junior High School Teachers Teaching Non-Specialized Subjects Psychology and Education: a Multidisciplinary Journal.” Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, vol. 8, no. 4, 27 Apr. 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7871380
Bandura, Albert, and Nancy E. Adams. “Analysis of Self-Efficacy Theory of Behavioral Change.” Cognitive Therapy and Research, vol. 1, no. 4, Dec. 1977, pp. 287–310, doi: 10.1007/bf01663995.
Branzuela, M. J., Ayro, E. C., & Cruz-Vidal, M. J. D. (2023). Teaching outside the box: Senior high school teaching experiences, challenges, and windows of innovations of non-social science majors. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 4(7), 2210-2222, http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.07.06
Buenacosa, Ma. Salvacion A., & Marisa B. Petalla. (2022). Embracing the Unknown: Adaptability and Resiliency of Out-of-Field Secondary Teachers Teaching English in Public schools. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 37(2), 1-29, https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2022/v37i2796
Chartrand, J. M. (1991). The Evolution of Trait-and-Factor Career Counseling: A Person × Environment Fit Approach. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69(6), 518–524, doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676. 1991.tb02635.x
Co, A.G.E., Abella, C.R.G. and De Jesus, F.S. (2021) Teaching Outside Specialization from the Perspective of Science Teachers. Open Access Library Journal, 8, 1-13. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1107725
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publication. https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/asi/researchers-books. Accessed 23 August 2024
Dack, H., & Triplett, N. (2019). Novice Social Studies Teachers’ Implementation of Differentiation: A Longitudinal Multicase Study. Theory & Research in Social Education, 48(1), 32–73, doi: 10.1080/00933104.2019.1640149
Demapendan, J. P. C. (2024). Exploring the education mismatch: A phenomenological study of technology and livelihood education (TLE) teachers assigned outside specialization. Indonesian Journal of Education Research (IJoER), 5(6), doi: 10.37251/ijoer.v5i6.1189
Dor-Haim, P., & Nir, A. (2023). Perceptions of Courage: Elementary School Leaders’ Perspectives. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, doi: 10.1177/17411432231177534
Du Plessis, A. (2019). Out-of-Field Teaching is Out of Control in Australian Schools. Here’s What’s Happening | EduResearch matters. EduResearch Matters. https://www.aare.edu.au/blog/?p=3778. Accessed 03 December 2024
Elliott, G., & Crossley, M. (1994). Qualitative Research, Educational Management and the Incorporation of the Further Education Sector. Educational Management & Administration, 22(3), 188–197, doi:10.1177/0263211x940220030
Filstead, W. (1970). Qualitative Methodology, Markham, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/50.2.265
García, E., & Weiss, E. (2019, April 16). U.S. Schools Struggle to Hire and Retain teachers: The Second Report in “The Perfect Storm in the Teacher Labor Market” Series. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/u-s-schools-struggle-to-hire-and-retain-teachers-the-second-report-in-the-perfect-storm-in-the-teacher-labor-market-series/. Accessed 25 February 2025
Grannäs, J., Frelin, A., & Östlin, T. (2025). Unpacking flexibility in innovative learning environments - teachers’ experiences in practice. Educational Studies, 1–17, doi: 10.1080/03055698.2024.2448781
Guadalquiver N. Jr. and Tagadiad C. (2023). Job Shift from Industry to Academe: The Plight of Education Unit Earners Teaching TLE Subjects. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT), 2140-2156, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10477239
Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M. A., & Suman, R. (2022). Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3(1), 275–285, doi: 10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004
Hobbs, Linda, and Raphaela Porsch. “Teaching Out-of-Field: Challenges for Teacher Education.” European Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 44, no. 5, 20 Oct. 2021, pp. 601–610, doi: 10.1080/02619768.2021.1985280
Hobbs, L., & Törner, G. (2019). Hobbs, Linda & Törner, Günter. (2019). Teaching Out-of-Field as a Phenomenon and Research Problem: International Perspectives on Teaching as a Non-specialist. Springer, 3-20, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3366-8_1
Keravnos, N., & Symeou, L. (2024). Practices, Behaviours and Actions of Highly Trusted Primary School Principals in Cyprus: An In-Depth Examination. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, doi: 10.1177/17411432241262388
Langelaan, B. N., Gaikhorst, L., Smets, W., & Oostdam, R. J. (2024). Differentiating instruction: Understanding the key elements for successful teacher preparation and development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104464
LaPalme, M., Luo, P., Cipriano, C., & Brackett, M. (2022). Imposter syndrome among pre-service educators and the importance of emotion regulation. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.838575
Marshall C. and Rossman GB (2016) Designing qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/asi/researchers-books. Accessed 11 November 2024
Mosley, K. C., & McCarthy, C. J. (2023). Beginning teacher mentoring: Associations between mentoring experiences and stress among first year teachers. The Teacher Educator, 58(4), 440-458, doi: 10.1080/08878730.2023.2175402
Napier J., Luft J., & Singh H. (2020) In the Classrooms of Newly Hired Secondary Science Teachers: The Consequences of Teaching In-Field or Out-of-Field. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 31:7, 802-820, doi: 10.1080/1046560X.2020.1800195
Olanrewaju, Akinola & Omeghie, Isunueo. (2024). Contributing Factors to Teacher Shortages in Public Schools in the United States of America. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR). 417-419, doi: 10.36713/epra18269
Parsons, F. (1909). Choosing a vocation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Gay
Praveena, K.R., and S. Sasikumar. “Application of Colaizzi’s Method of Data Analysis in Phenomenological Research.” Medico Legal Update, vol. 21, no. 2, 19 Mar. 2021, doi: 10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2800
Rahayu, Esti & Osman, Shuki. (2019). Riding out the storm: Out-of-field teaching practice in Indonesia. Humaniora, 10, doi:161. 10.21512/humaniora.v10i2.5628
Roxas, R. (2022). Being out-of-field: A phenomenological research on the lives of teachers teaching non-major. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 11(14), 49-57, doi: 10.5861/ijrse.2022.b017
Salvador, R., Limon, M., Borromeo, C. M., Parinas, M. A., Manrique, L., de la Cruz, L., & Dalere, J. M. (2022). Exploring Technical-Vocational Education Teachers’ Challenges and Adaptation Strategies in Teaching Courses Outside their Specializations. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 14(2), 34-48, doi: 10.30880/jtet.2022.14.02.004
Senate of the Philippines. (2024, September 04). EDCOM 2: DepEd to address teacher mismatch, quizzed on low utilization rate in house budget hearing. https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2024/0904_edcom1.asp. Accessed 20 September 2024
Smythe-Thompson, M. (2022). Fish out of water: experiences of teachers assigned to teach out-of-field in urban schools, Doctoral dissertation, Morgan State University.
Stevenson, N. A., VanLone, J., & Barber, B. R. (2020). A Commentary on the Misalignment of Teacher Education and the Need for Classroom Behavior Management Skills. Education and Treatment of Children, 43(4), 393–404, doi: 10.1007/s43494-020-00031-1
Van Overschelde, J. P. & Piatt, A. (2020). U.S. Every Student Succeeds: Negative Impacts on Teaching Out-of-Field. Research in Educational Policy and Management, 2(1), 1-22, doi: 10.46303/repam.02.01.1
Wang, X., Husu, J., & Toom, A. (2025). What Makes a Good Mentor of In-Service Teacher Education? —A Systematic Review of Mentoring Competence from a Transformative Learning Perspective. Teaching and Teacher Education, 153, 104822, doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2024.104822
Downloads
Publiceret
Nummer
Sektion
Licens
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
