PARENTAL PERCEPTIONS OF INCLUSION: THE ROLE OF PARENTS OF TYPICALLY DEVELOPING STUDENTS IN SHAPING AN INCLUSIVE SCHOOL CULTURE
##semicolon##
https://doi.org/10.46827/ejse.v12i6.6905##semicolon##
parents’ perceptions##common.commaListSeparator## inclusive educationAbstrakt
This study explores the perceptions of parents of typically developing students regarding the inclusion of students with disabilities in mainstream primary education. Adopting a qualitative research design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 25 parents from five primary schools. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis, allowing for an in-depth exploration of participants’ attitudes and experiences. The findings reveal ambivalent parental attitudes. While parents widely recognize the social and emotional benefits of inclusive education—such as the development of empathy, acceptance of diversity, and enhancement of social skills—they simultaneously express concerns related to the adequacy of support structures, teacher preparedness, and potential impacts on academic outcomes. Furthermore, factors such as prior contact with individuals with disabilities and the level of parental awareness were found to positively influence attitudes toward inclusion. The study highlights the importance of strengthening school–family collaboration, enhancing parental awareness, and ensuring adequate institutional support as key conditions for the effective implementation of inclusive education. The findings contribute to the growing body of literature on inclusive education by providing qualitative insights into the perspectives of parents of typically developing students, a group that remains underexplored in existing research.##submission.citations##
Ainscow, M. (2020). Promoting inclusion and equity in education: Lessons from international experiences. Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 6(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/20020317.2020.1729587
Ainscow, M., Booth, T., & Dyson, A. (2006). Improving schools, developing inclusion. Routledge. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Improving_Schools_Developing_Inclusion.html?id=ejNF6DlNU88C&redir_esc=y
Avramidis, E., & Norwich, B. (2002). Teachers’ attitudes towards integration/inclusion: A review of the literature. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 17(2), 129–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856250210129056
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv26071r6
Christopoulou, F., Sarris, D., Papadimitropoulou, P., & Vlotinou, P. (2023).
Attitudes of parents of children with disabilities towards inclusion. European Journal of Special Education Research, 9 (2), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejse.v9i2.4749
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Research_Design.html?id=4uB76IC_pOQC&redir_esc=y
de Boer, A., Pijl, S. J., & Minnaert, A. (2010). Attitudes of parents towards inclusive education: a review of the literature. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 25(2), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856251003658694
Dell’Anna, S., Pellegrini, M., Ianes, D., & Vivanet, G. (2022).
Learning, social, and psychological outcomes of students with moderate, severe, and complex disabilities in inclusive education: A systematic review. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 69(6), 2025–2041. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2020.1843143
Epstein, J. L. (2011). School, family, and community partnerships: Preparing educators and improving schools (2nd ed.). Westview Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494673
Fernandez-Villardon, A., Alvarez, P., Ugalde, L., & Tellado, I. (2020).
Fostering the social development of children with special educational needs or disabilities through dialogue and interaction: A literature review. Social Sciences, 9(6), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9060097
Florian, L. (2014). What counts as evidence of inclusive education? European Journal of Special Needs Education, 29(3), 286–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2014.933551
Garrote, A., Felder, F., Krähenmann, H., Schnepel, S., & Sermier Dessemontet, R. (2020). Social acceptance in inclusive classrooms: The role of teacher attitudes toward inclusion and classroom management. Frontiers in Education, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.582873
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Prentice-Hall. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Stigma.html?id=zuMFXuTMAqAC&redir_esc=y
Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
Guest, G., Namey, E., & Mitchell, M. (2020). Collecting qualitative data: A field manual for applied research. Sage. Retrieved from https://methods.sagepub.com/book/mono/collecting-qualitative-data/toc#_
Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review. Qualitative Health Research, 32(3), 495–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323211051545
Israel, M., & Hay, I. (2006). Research ethics for social scientists. Sage.
Kárpáti, N. V., & Miklósi, M. (2025). Parental perceptions and attitudes towards the inclusion of children with neurodevelopmental, physical and sensory disabilities. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16:1735746. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1735746
Kirana, E., Zam, F., & Henjilito, R. H. R. (2025). Analysis of the impact of inclusive education on the social development of students with special needs in primary schools. Child Development Journal. https://doi.org/10.53905/ChildDev.v1i01.2
Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing (2nd ed.). Sage. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/InterViews.html?id=Xz60wwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Lin, H.-M., Chu, S.-Y., Chang, W.-H., Lo, I.-H., & Peng, H.-T. (2025). Promoting peer interaction and acceptance among students with special needs through an experiential learning program. Children, 12(5), 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12050543
Mezzanotte, C. (2022). The social and economic rationale of inclusive education: An overview of the outcomes in education for diverse groups of students. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 263, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/bff7a85d-en
Nadgouda, L., Kulkarni, K. K., & Brinda, S. (2023). Examining the effectiveness of inclusive education practices in promoting academic and social inclusion for students with diverse abilities: An in-depth review. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 10(3), 316-324. Retrieved from https://ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR23C2150.pdf
Norwich, B. (2022). Research about inclusive education: Are the scope, reach and limits empirical and methodological and/or conceptual and evaluative? Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.937929
OECD. (2022). Equity and inclusion in education: Finding strength through diversity. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/e9072e21-en
Oliver, M. (1996). Understanding Disability: From Theory to Practice, pp. 30-42. St. Martin’s Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24269-6
Orb, A., Eisenhauer, L., & Wynaden, D. (2001). Ethics in qualitative research. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(1), 93–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00093.x
Paccaud, A., Keller, R., Luder, R., Pastore, G., & Kunz, A. (2021).
Satisfaction with the collaboration between families and schools – The parent’s view. Frontiers in Education, 6:646878. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.646878
Paseka, A., & Schwab, S. (2020). Parents’ attitudes towards inclusive education and their perceptions of inclusive teaching practices and resources. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 35(2), 254–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2019.1665232
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (4th ed.). Sage. Retrieved from https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/qualitative-research-evaluation-methods/book232962
Pirchio, S., Passiatore, Y., Panno, A., & Carrus, G. (2022). School climate and inclusion. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.814937
Rademaker, F., de Boer, A., Kupers, E., & Minnaert, A. (2020). Applying the contact theory in inclusive education: A systematic review on the impact of contact and information on the social participation of students with disabilities. Frontiers in Education, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.602414
Roberts, S.-J., Saylor, M. A., Ivynian, S., & DiGiacomo, M. (2026). Data saturation and information power: Sample size in qualitative research—when is enough and how to assess? European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 00, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjcn/zvag046
Sharma U, Woodcock S, May F and Subban P (2022) Examining Parental Perception of Inclusive Education Climate. Frontiers in Education, 7, https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.907742
Slee, R. (2011). The irregular school: Exclusion, schooling and inclusive education. Routledge. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203831564
UNESCO. (1994). The Salamanca statement and framework for action on special needs education. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000098427
UNESCO. (2017). A guide for ensuring inclusion and equity in education. UNESCO. Retrieved from https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/guide-ensuring-inclusion-and-equity-education-0
UNESCO. (2020). Global education monitoring report 2020: Inclusion and education – All means all. UNESCO. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373724
UNESCO. (2020). Inclusion and education: All mean all (Global education monitoring report). UNESCO. Retrieved from https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/en/publication/inclusion-and-education
UNICEF. (2013). The state of the world’s children: Children with disabilities. UNICEF. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org.uk/publications/sowc-report-2013-children-with-disabilities/
##submission.downloads##
Publikované
Číslo
Sekcia
##submission.license##
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).


