LANGUAGE MATERIALS OBSERVATION: PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT TRAINING
Keywords:
materials observation, language theories, materials development, professional developmentAbstract
The language classroom is an important site of research for investigations in the field of applied linguistics (Dörnyei, 2007), and the effectiveness of language theories and materials can be examined in a real-world setting in a systematic approach. Furthermore, materials development is the most effective way in field of linguistics and applied linguistics because the theories of language teaching and learning can be made meaningful and relevant by reference to practical procedures (Tomlinson, 2003). Observing the materials in the classrooms is one of the qualitative research methods for evaluating and developing language materials and reflecting on language theories which are explicitly or implicitly embedded in the activities of the materials (Alkhaldi, 2014). This study focuses on classroom observation of language materials which are rarely investigated in the field of applied linguistics taking into consideration that there is possibly a contradiction between what is one’s espoused theory and one’s theory-in-use, that is, what is done in reality. Therefore, this study analyzes the following aspects of observations of materials-in-use: reasons and purposes for materials observations, the environment, and the importance of materials observation study. It also discusses the methods and types of materials observation, observational schedules, the materials observer’s role, and a sample case study. Finally, it provides insights for teachers and researchers to reflect on language teaching and learning theories and develop their own practices towards effective language materials development and professional development training.
References
Alkhaldi, A. (2011). Materials development in Jordan: An applied linguistics challenge. PhD Thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK.
Alkhaldi, A. A. (2014). Language theories donation through materials development. A case study in Jordan. IJALEL, 3(3), 112-123.
Bailey, K. M. (2001). Observation. In: Carter, R. & Nunan, D. (Eds.), The Cambridge guide to teaching English to speakers of other languages (pp.114-119). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Basturkman, H. (1999). A content analysis of ELT textbook blurbs: Reflections of theory-in-use. RELC Journal, 30(1), 18-38.
Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy (2nd ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman.
Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). London: Routledge.
Clark, C. and Leat, S. (1998). The use of unstructured observation in teacher assessment. In: Tilstone, C. (Ed.), Observing teaching and learning: Principles and practice (pp.71-87). London: David Fulton Publishers.
Dat, B. (2006). Developing EFL materials for local markets: Issues and considerations. In: Mukundan, J. (Ed). Focus on ELT Materials (pp. 52-76). Petaling Jaya: Pearson Malaysia,
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. (1998). The evaluation of communicative tasks. In: Tomlinson, B. (Ed.), Materials development in language teaching (pp.217-238). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Field J. (1997). Key concepts in ELT: Classroom research. ELT Journal, 51(2), 192-193.
McDonough, J. & Shaw, C. (2003). Materials and methods in ELT: A teacher's guide (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
McGrath, I. (2002). Materials evaluation and design for language teaching. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Mukundan, J. (2009). ESL Textbook Evaluation: A Composite Framework. Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing AG and Co. KG.
Saraceni, C. (2003). Adapting courses: A critical view. In B. Tomlinson (Ed), Materials development for language teaching (pp.72-85). London: Continuum Press.
Tilstone, C. (Ed.). (1998). Observing teaching and learning: Principles and practice. London: David Fulton Publishers.
Tomlinson, B. (Ed.). (2011). Materials development in language teaching (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tomlinson, B. (Ed.). (2003). Materials development for language teaching. London: Continuum Press.
Tomlinson, B. & Masuhara, H. (2004). Developing language course materials. Singapore: RELC.
Wajnryb, R. (1992). Classroom observation tasks: A resource book for language teachers and trainers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Williams, M. (1989). A developmental view of classroom observations. ELT Journal, 43(2), 85-91.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).


