THE EFFECT OF LEXICAL BORROWING IN TECHIMAN, GHANA - A CASE STUDY OF THE BRONG AHAFO REGION
Keywords:
effects, lexical borrowing, Techiman, Brong Ahafo, GhanaAbstract
This project was undertaken to examine “The Effect of Lexical Borrowing in Techiman, Ghana. A Case Study of the Brong Ahafo Region”. This became necessary because, it revealed the causes of lexical borrowings such as; lack of vocabulary, easy communication and prestige attached to a language. Through questionnaire, interview and review of related literature, it was revealed that the causes of phenomenon include; lack of vocabulary, easy communication, prestige attached to the language and to be accepted in the society. The researchers employed questionnaire and interview through random sampling. The population included one hundred (100) of which sixty (60) were females and forty (40) were males. This was done through few questionnaires printed for the completion by the respondents, interviews and tap recording, This project was based on some groups of words which were borrowed from English language to Bono language of which include the changes that occurred were explained in depth. It was realized in the analysis that when words are borrowed from English to Bono, they undergo certain changes like; change in syllables, change in transcription, changes in meaning and also change in pronunciation. After a thorough research on the phenomenon, the changes that occur when words are borrowed from other languages into Bono language, the researchers recommended and suggested that a further research should be done in Bono borrowing of words.
References
Abakah, E. N (2005). Phonological analysis of word-final consonants in Akan. Africa and Asia, 5, 47-65.
Abakah, E. N. (2004). Elision in Fante. Africa and Asia, 4, 181-213.
Abakah, E. N. (2006). Where have all the consonantal phonemes of Akan gone? Journal of philosophy and culture, 21-48.
Adika, Gordon Senanu Kwame. (2012). English in Ghana: Growth, Tensions and Trends. International Journal of Language and Intercultural communication 1:151- 166, Stefanos Vlachopoulos and Nick Ceramello. Special Issue. Varieties of English. Technological Educational Institute of Empirus Department of Applied Foreign Language in Management Commerce.
Adomako, K. (2008). Vowel epenhthesis and consonant deletion in loanwords: A study of Akan. Master’s thesis, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway.
Akinlabi, A. (1993). Underspecification and the phonology of Yoruba / r /. Linguistic Inquiry, 24, 139-160
Amuzu, E. K. (2010), composite code switcing in West Africa: The case of Ewe English code switching. Saarbruken; Lambert Academy Publishers.
Anyidoho, Akosua and Kropp-Dakubu M.E. (2008) ‘Ghana: Indigenous Languages, English, and an Emerging National Identity.’ In: Andrew Simpson (ed.), Language and National Identity in Africa, pp.141-157. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Asilevi, F. (1990), English-Ewe Code-mixing in conversational discourse: A case of English as a second language in Ghana. (unpublished M.A Thesis), university of Ghana, Legon.
Bateman, N. (2007). A Crosslinguistic Investigation of Palatalization. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Diego, CA.
Benua, L. (1995). Identity effects of morphological truncation. In J. Beckman, S. Urbanczyk, & L. Walsh (Eds), University of Massachusetts occasional papers in linguistic 18: Papers in Optimality Theory, Graduate linguistic Student Association, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Bhat, D. N. S. (1978). A general study of palatalization. Universals of Human Language, Greenberg (ed.), 47-92.
Boadi, L. A. (1988). Problems of palatalization in Akan. Journal of Eest African Languages, 38(1),3-16.
Chen, M. (1973). Predictive power in phonological Description. Lingua, 32, 173-191.
Christaller, J. G. (1875). A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language called Tshi. Gregg press.
Clements, G. N., & Hume, E. (1995). Internal organization of speech sounds. In John A. Goldsmith (Ed.), The Handbook of phonological Theory (pp.245-306). Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Deuchar, M., (2006). Welsh-English code switching and the matrix language frame model, Linqua, 16, 11,1986-2011
Dolphyne, F. A. (2006). The Akan (Twi-Fante) Language: Its sound systems and tonal structure. Woeli Publishing Services, Accra- Ghana.
Ghana Notes and Queries9. (1966) A Note on Akan- Centred Linguistic Acculturation (66-73).
Ghana Statistical Service. (2012). 2010 Population and Housing Census: Summary of Final Results.
Hall, T. A. (2000). Typological generalizations concerning secondary palatalization. Lingua, 110, 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3841(99)00017-0
Howe, D., & Pulleyblank, D.G. (2004). Harmonic scales as faithfulness. The Canadian Journal of linguistics/La revue canadienne de llinguistique, 49(1), 1-49.
Huber, M. (1995). Ghanaian pidgin English. English World Wide, 16. 215-250.
http://dx.Doi.org/10.1075/eww.16.2.04hub
Huber, M. (1999). Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African context: A sociohistorical and structural analysis (Vol.24) John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Huber, M. (2008). Ghanaian English: Phonology. Varieties of English,4 67-92.
Lamadi, M.C, [2009] switch junctions in Juruba-English code switching. California Linguistic Notes,34,1.
Lamaidi M. T. (2004). The scopal authority of leads in Juruba English code-mix¬¬ing. Nordic journal of African studies, 13,1.76-94.
Lewis, M. Paul, Simons, Gary F., and Fennig, Charles D, (2013) Ethnologue: Languages of the World, sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex: SIL International.
Matras, Yaron. (2009). Language Contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McArthur, T (1992). The oxford companion to the English Language, Oxford University press,141-14
Mckenna, Amy (2011). The History of Southern Africa. The Rosen Publishing Group. P 12. ISBN 978-1-61530-312-0. Veld, meaning field in Afrikaans, is the name given to various types of open country in Southern Africa that is used for pasturage and farmland. To most South African farmers today the ‘veld’ refers to the land they work, much of which has long since ceased to be ‘natural’.
Myers – Scolton, C., (2002). Contact linguistics; bilingual encounters and grammatical out comes. Oxford: Oxford university press.
Pfaff, C (1979). Constraints on language mixing: Intradential code-switching and borrowing in Spanish/English language, 55,291-318.
Quarcoo M. (2012). Grammatical constraints on verb phrases in Twi/English code switching, Ghana journal of linguistics, 1,1,5,5-78.
Quarcoo, M. A. (2009). Noun and verb phrases in Twi/English code switching. Unpublished MPhil thesis.
Quarcoo, M. A. (2014). Copula verbs in Twi/English code switching. The journal of West African languages, 41,2,1-14.
Quarcoo, M. A. (2014) language policy and language education in Ghana. Wisconsin Journal,4 49-59.
Retrieved from http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jpc/article/download/36450/25450.
Sebba, Mark (1995). Constructing congruence: An approach to the syntax of code switching and language contact (Eds.) Papers from the summer school code switching and language contact (pp.229-241). L jounert / Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy.
Shoba, J. & M. Quarcoo (2012). English in the mix: evolving rules of the English in the language practices of Twi speakers in Ghana. Language matters, 43, 1, 7-96.
Wilton, L. (2003). Length of residence, cultural Adjustment difficulties and psychological Distress Symptoms, Volume 6, pages 177-186.
Woolford, E. (1983). Bilingual code-switching and syntactic theory. Linguistic Inquiry, 14, 520-36.


