SEXISM IN FLANNERY O'CONNOR'S “WISE BLOOD”

Authors

  • Hayder Gebreen Lecturer of English Literature, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jabir Ibn Hayyan University for Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Najaf, Iraq
  • Mustafa Talib Jawad Lecturer of English Literature, Jabir Ibn Hayyan University for Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Najaf, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46827/ejls.v5i1.517

Keywords:

sexism, early postmodern literature, Flannery O'Connor, patriarchy, Wise Blood

Abstract

This research paper aims to explore the theme of sexism, particularly within Flannery O'Connor's novel “Wise Blood”. Historically, societies have upheld a patriarchal structure where men were considered the standard while women were viewed as exceptions. For instance, Aristotle famously asserted that women were inferior to men but superior to slaves, elevating men as the epitome of human perfection. Despite progress over time, deep-seated prejudices against women have persisted, manifesting in various forms such as sexual harassment and domestic violence. Consequently, sexism permeates multiple aspects of life, not confined to any single domain. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in women's educational attainment, with more females attending college and graduating with degrees in traditionally male-dominated fields like the sciences. However, despite these advancements, disparities persist, with fewer women pursuing careers in areas such as science and academia. Numerous factors contribute to perpetuating sexism, including societal expectations surrounding motherhood and family commitments, early socialization patterns that shape interactions between genders, institutional barriers within certain fields, and even conjectures rooted in biological differences. This paper endeavors to examine these multifaceted aspects of sexism in both literature and contemporary society.

 

Author Biographies

  • Hayder Gebreen, Lecturer of English Literature, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jabir Ibn Hayyan University for Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Najaf, Iraq

    Hayder Gebreen is a Lecturer of English Literature at Jabir Ibn Hayyan University for Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Najaf, Iraq. He is a former Lecturer at Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Faculty of Arts and Faculty of Education, University of Kufa. Born on March 5th, 1989, Najaf, Iraq, Holds, B.A. in English Language and Literature 2013, University of Kufa, College of Arts, Iraq, and a M.A. in English Language and Literature 2016, University of Al-Qadisiya, College of Education, Iraq. He is a PhD student at the National University of Malaysia, Dept of English Language Studies, and Linguistics. He worked as Translator for MSF. He has published several research articles and a book.

  • Mustafa Talib Jawad, Lecturer of English Literature, Jabir Ibn Hayyan University for Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Najaf, Iraq

    Mustafa Talib Jawad is an Assistant Lecturer of English Literature at Jabir Ibn Hayyan University for Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Najaf, Iraq. He is a former Lecturer at Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Faculty of Arts, University of Kufa. Born in 1989, Najaf, Iraq, Holds, B.A. in English Language and Literature, University of Kufa, College of Education, Iraq, and a M.A. in English Language and Literature. He has published several research articles.

References

Ackroyd, Peter (1993). The House of Doctor Dee. London: Hamish Hamilton. P. 13, 18.

Baudrillard, J. (2001). The Uncollected Baudrillard. Sage. p. 21

Benatar, David (2012). The second sexism: discrimination against men and boys. John Wiley & Sons. P.10-12.

Bennington, G., & Derrida, J. (1993). Derrida. University of Chicago Press. p. 13.

Brann, E. T. H. (1992). What is Postmodernism?, The Harvard Review of Philosophy, Spring. P.12.

Burns, C. L. (2003). Postmodern Historiography: Politics and the Parallactic Method in Thomas Pynchon's Mason & Dixon. Postmodern Culture, 14(1).

Correll, S.J., Bernard, S., and Paik, I. (2007). Getting a job: is there a motherhood penalty? American Journal of Sociology, 112 (5), 1297–1339.

Couturier, M. (1985). Metafiction-The Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction-Waugh, P. 15.

De Beauvoir, Simon (2010). The Second Sex. Judith Thurman. P.650.

Doody, M. A. (1997). The true story of the novel. Rutgers University Press. p. 17

Dossie Easton and Janet W. Hardy (2009). Ethical Slut. New York

Dr. Sheeba (2017). Postmodern literature: Practices and Theory, Excellence International Journal of Education and Research 4(3). Retrieved from https://jncollegeonline.co.in/attendence/classnotes/files/1622902164.pdf p. 4

Ecklund, Elaine Howard. (2003). Catholic women negotiate feminism: A research note. Sociology of Religion 64.4 515-524

El Saadawi, Nawal (1973). Man and Sex. Dar Al Saqi‎, Beirut. P. 52.

El Saadawi, Nawal (1974). Women and Sex. Dar Al Saqi‎, Beirut

Elkind, Andrea Knopf (1985). The social definition of women's smoking behaviour. Social Science & Medicine 20.12 1269-1278.‏

Expósito, F., Herrera, M. C., Moya, M., & Glick, P. (2010). Don't rock the boat: Women's benevolent sexism predicts fears of marital violence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(1), 36-42.‏

Farmer, O. and Smock Jordan, S. (2017) Experiences of women coping with catcalling experiences in New York City: a pilot study. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 29 (4), 205–225.

Flint, R. W. (1963). The Benefactor, by Susan Sontag (Book Review). Commentary, 36(6), 489.‏

Foucault, M. (2019). Power: the essential works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984. Penguin UK.‏ p. 9

Glick, P. and Fiske, S.T. (1996) The ambivalent sexism inventory: differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491–512.

Haber, H. F. (1994). Beyond Postmodern Politics: Lyotard, Rorty, Foucault. Psychology Press.‏ p. 14.

Heberle, R. (1956). A note on Riesman's The lonely crowd. American Journal of Sociology, 62(1), 34-36.‏

Holder, A. (1968). What Marvelous Plot... Was Afoot?" History in Barth's" The Sot-Weed Factor. American Quarterly, 20(3), 596-604.‏

hooks, b. (2014). Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center, Routledge, New York.

Jackman, M. R. (1994). The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations. Univ of California Press.‏

Jacobsen, C. B. (1998). Gravity's Rainbow and the postmodern epic novel.‏

Johnson, C., Dowd, T. J., & Ridgeway, C. L. (2006). Legitimacy as a social process. Annu. Rev. Sociol., 32, 53-78.‏

Jones, Edgar. "The psychology of killing: the combat experience of British soldiers during the First World War." Journal of Contemporary History 41.2 (2006): 229-246

Kawin, B. F. (2006). The mind of the novel: Reflexive fiction and the ineffable. Dalkey Archive Press.‏

Ku, M.C., 2010. Sexism. In M. A. Hogg, ed. Encyclopedia of group processes and intergroup relations. Los Angeles: Sage, pp. 744–749.

Lechte, J. (2007). Fifty key contemporary thinkers: from structuralism to post-humanism. Routledge.‏

Lemert, C. C. (2015). Postmodernism is not what you think. Routledge.‏

Lerner, G. (1986). The Creation of Patriarchy, Oxford University Press, New York.

Malmgren, C. D. (1985). Fictional space in the Modernist and Post-modernist American novel. Bucknell University Press.‏

McCaffery, L. (1979). Death Kit: Susan Sontag's Dream Narrative. Contemporary Literature, 20(4), 484-499.‏

McKeon, R. (Ed.). (2009). The basic works of Aristotle. Modern Library.‏ p. 8

Merrill, R., & Scholl, P. A. (1978). Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five: The requirements of chaos. Studies in American Fiction, 6(1), 65-76.‏

Mott, F. W. (1919).‏ War neuroses and shell-shock. Henry Frowde: London.

Nasrullah Mambrol (2018). Analysis of Ernest Hemingway’s Novels, Literary Theory and Criticism. Retrieved from https://literariness.org/2018/06/04/analysis-of-ernest-hemingways-novels/

Nasrullah Mambrol (2018). Analysis of Ernest Hemingway’s Novels, Literary Theory and Criticism. Retrieved from https://literariness.org/2018/06/04/analysis-of-ernest-hemingways-novels/

Nasrullah Mambrol, 2018, Theories of James Joyce, Literary Theory and Criticism. Retrieved from https://literariness.org/2018/03/02/key-theories-of-james-joyce/

Notohara, Nobuaki (2003). Arabs and Japanese Perspective. Dar Aljamal. P. 49.

O’Connor, Flannery. (1962). Wise Blood. 1952. Collected Works

O'Connor, Flannery. (1962). Wise Blood. 1952. Collected Works

O'Conner, Flannery (2016). Wise Blood. Hartcourt, and Brace Company.

O'Connor, Flannery (1988). The Habit of Being: Letters of Flannery O'Connor. Macmillan

O'Connor, Flannery. (1986). Wise blood. Rinsen Book

Pokswinski, Stephanie (2013). The pursuit of wholeness: Jungian themes in Flannery O'Connor's Wise Blood and The Violent Bare It Away. California State University, Dominguez Hills. P.1.

Rivera, L.A. (2017). When two bodies are (not) a problem: gender and relationship status discrimination in academic hiring. American Sociological Review, 82(6), 1111–1138.

Robinson, K. S. (1983). The Novels of Philip K. Dick.‏ p. 16.

Rodríguez, Y., Lameiras, M., Carrera, M., & Failde, J. (2010). Evaluación de las actitudes sexistas en estudiantes españoles/as de educación secundaria obligatoria. Psychología, 4(1), 11-24.‏

Rogers, Jonathan. The Terrible Speed of Mercy: A Spiritual Biography of Flannery O'Connor. Thomas Nelson Inc, 2012. P.2.

Rosenau, P. M. (1991). Post-modernism and the social sciences: Insights, inroads, and intrusions. Princeton University Press.‏ p.11.

Royce, Tracy (2009). "The Shape of Abuse." The fat studies reader. P.20

Simpson, Melissa (2005). Flannery O'Connor: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group.‏ p.2.

Smith, S. (2013). Pynchon and history: metahistorical rhetoric and postmodern narrative form in the novels of Thomas Pynchon. Routledge.‏

Sontag, S., & Sontag, R. J. (1982). A Susan Sontag Reader. Macmillan.‏ p. 82

Sponsler, C. (1992). Cyberpunk and the dilemmas of postmodern narrative: the example of William Gibson. Contemporary Literature, 33(4), 625-644.‏

Stephanson, A., & Jameson, F. (1989). Regarding postmodernism--A conversation with Fredric Jameson. Social Text, 3-30.‏

Szymanski, D.M. and Feltman, C.E. (2014) Experiencing and coping with sexually objectifying treatment: internalization and resilience. Sex Roles, 71, 159–170.

Weatherford, Doris (2009). American women during World War II: an encyclopedia. Routledge.‏ p.22.

Wolf, Naomi (1991). The Beauty Myth. William Morrow Company.

Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2012). Biosocial construction of sex differences and similarities in behavior. Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 46, pp. 55-123). Academic Press.‏

Wright, D. (2010). Norman Mailer, The Naked and the Dead. Research Guide to American Literature, 6, 144.‏

Yaeger, Patricia. (2009). Dirt and Desire: Reconstructing Southern Women's Writing, 1930-1990. University of Chicago Press.

Downloads

Published

2024-04-17

Issue

Section

Articles