EVOLUTION OF DEMOCRACY: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpss.v7i2.1867Klíčová slova:
democracy, populism, decline, erosion, trust, democratic institutions, governanceAbstrakt
This paper examined the evolution of democracy, focusing on two pivotal challenges: the rise of populism and the decline in trust in democratic institutions. A robust qualitative methodology was employed, including a comprehensive review of existing literature and case studies from various nations, such as the United States, Brazil, and India. The analysis revealed that populism flourishes in environments marked by diminished public trust, leading to heightened polarization and civic disengagement. Additionally, the decline in trust correlates with economic disparities and institutional shortcomings, making citizens more susceptible to populist rhetoric. These findings underscore the urgent need for strategies aimed at rejuvenating democratic governance, such as enhancing transparency through technological advancements and initiating civic education programs. Such measures are essential for reconnecting citizens with their governments and preserving democratic principles in contemporary society.
Reference
a. Journal articles
Ali, M., & Bukar, H. (2019). Traditional institutions and their roles: toward achieving stable democracy in Nigeria. Journal of Public Value and Administrative Insight, 2(3), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.31580/jpvai.v2i3.899
Atitianti, P. (2022). The impact of Chinese aid on political trust. Journal of International Development, 35(2), 233-259. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3683
Boulianne, S. (2019). Social media use and participation: A meta-analysis of current research. Social Science Computer Review, 37(1), 102-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317754073
Graf, L. et al. (2023). How Public Trust and Healthcare Quality Relate to Blood Donation Behaviour: Cross-Cultural Evidence. Journal of Health Psychology, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053231175809
Fukuyama F. (2014). Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York, NY, USA: Simon & Schuster. Retrieved from https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/journals/scs/v1i1/f_0026836_22565.pdf
Graf, C., Suanet, B., Wiepking, P., & Merz, E. (2023). How public trust and healthcare quality relate to blood donation behaviour: cross-cultural evidence. Journal of Health Psychology, 29(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053231175809
Kołczyńska, M. (2020). Democratic values, education, and political trust. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 61(1), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715220909881
Löfflmann, G. (2022). Introduction to special issue: the study of populism in international relations. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 24(3), 403-415. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481221103116
Russo, G., Avelino, G., & Guarnieri, F.H (2022). Democratic principles and performance: what do the experts think? Journal of Politics in Latin America, 14(2), 224-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802x221107032
Saka-Olokungboye, N. (2023). Traditional institutions and good governance in Nigeria. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 4(4), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0252
Villalonga-Olives, E., Kawachi, I., & Hernández-Aguado, I. (2021). Social Capital during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Case of the Island of Menorca. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(23), 12720. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312720
Wahyu, F. (2023). Rising populism in global politics: causes, consequences, and potential solutions. Journal of Current Social and Political Issues, 1(1), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.15575/jcspi.v1i1.435
Watkins, M. (2021). Foreign aid projects and trust in political institutions. Governance, 35(3), 909-927. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12628
b. Theses
Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. Harvard Kennedy School. Retrieved from https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/trump-brexit-and-rise-populism-economic-have-nots-and-cultural-backlash
Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, C. R. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/book/866
Mounk, Y. (2018). The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It. Harvard University Press. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv24trckb
d. Article by DOI
Bornstein, B. and Tomkins, A. (2015). Motivating cooperation and compliance with authority. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16151-8
Gallup. (2021). Trust in Government. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/poll/5392/trust-government.aspx
Gidron N, Bonikowski S, 2018. Varieties of Populism: Literature Review and Research Agenda. Comparative Politics 50(1): 3-29. doi: 10.5129/001041518820952024. Retrieved from https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/gidron_bonikowski_populismlitreview_2013.pdf
Graf, C., Suanet, B., Wiepking, P., & Merz, E. (2022). How public trust and healthcare quality shape blood donation behaviour: comparative evidence. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/t3kdx
Haponenko, V. (2023). Informal institutionalization in modern Ukraine. New Perspectives, 32(1), 91-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825x231222001
Inglehart, R. and Welzel, C. (2010). Changing mass priorities: the link between modernization and democracy. Perspectives on Politics, 8(2), 551-567. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592710001258
Kaltwasser, C. (2012). The ambivalence of populism: threat and corrective for democracy. Democratization, 19(2), 184-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2011.572619
Man, A. "Colonial Legacy, Neoliberal Policies and Democratic Collapse - A Case Study Based on Venezuela" Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media (2024) https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/54/20241589
Mauk, K. "Disentangling an Elusive Relationship: How Democratic Value Orientations Affect Political Trust in Different Regimes." Political Research Quarterly (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912919829832
Mudde, C. (2010). The populist radical right: a pathological normalcy. West European Politics, 33(6), 1167-1186. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2010.508901
Mudde, C. (2021). Populism in Europe: an illiberal democratic response to undemocratic liberalism (The Government and Opposition/Leonard Schapiro lecture 2019). Government and Opposition, 56(4), 577-597. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2021.15
Pelizzo, R. (2023). Traditional practices and support for the strongman. World Affairs, 186(4), 951-977. https://doi.org/10.1177/00438200231203094
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Retrieved from http://bowlingalone.com/
Rostbøll, C. (2022). Populism, democracy, and the publicity requirement. Constellations, 30(3), 276-289. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12625
Rummens, S. (2017). Populism as a threat to liberal democracy. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.27
Sözen, Y. (2019). Populist peril to democracy: the sacralization and singularization of competitive elections. Political Studies Review, 17(3), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478929918814613
V-Dem Institute (2022). Democracy Report 2022: Autocratization Changing Nature? Retrieved from https://v-dem.net/media/publications/dr_2022.pdf
Waisbord, S. (2012). Democracy, journalism, and Latin American populism. Journalism, 14(4), 504-521. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912464178
d. Online documents
IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). (2021). Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua: Anuário Estatístico. Retrieved from https://www.ibge.gov.br/
LAPOP (Latin American Public Opinion Project). (2020). Americas Barometer Insights: Trust in Government. Retrieved from https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/
Boulianne, S. (2019). Social media use and participation: A meta-analysis of current research. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542
Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. Retrieved from https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/trump-brexit-and-rise-populism-economic-have-nots-and-cultural-backlash
Pew Research Center, 2022. Report on Trust in Government. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/05/26/trust-in-government-2022/
Tucker, Joshua Aaron and Guess, Andrew and Barbera, Pablo and Vaccari, Cristian and Siegel, Alexandra and Siegel, Alexandra and Sanovich, Sergey and Stukal, Denis and Nyhan, Brendan, Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature (March 19, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3144139
Book
Smith, G., Hughes, T., Adams, L. and Obijiaku, C. eds., 2021. Democracy in a pandemic: participation in response to crisis. University of Westminster Press. https://doi.org/10.16997/book57
