ECONOMICS, STATE AND RELIGION IN EUROPE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpss.v7i2.1736Ključne reči:
inadequate leadership, public and commercial establishments, managementApstrakt
This paper will explore the relationship between religious, especially Christian, bodies and entities and European States and political institutions, focusing largely on its juridical and economic aspects and inclinations, with the intent of producing a general overview of the interconnectedness and complicated relations of religion and economics in modern-day Europe. The primary focus of this text will center on financial attitudes and practices, specifically exploring the various approaches that define how States can allocate funds to religious denominations. The first part will explore the relationship between politics, economics and religion within the European Area from a theoretical and historical perspective, while also briefly illustrating a general outline of Europe’s current religious structure. The second part will be focused on the three main financing models that are adopted by Present-day European States in regards to religious denominations: direct financing; mixed models, namely the Church System and those related to Income Tax donations; absent or minimal funding.
Reference
Agencia Tributaria.es (Spanish Tax Agency official website), (2023), Tax allocation to the Catholic Church, https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/en_gb/inicio.html
Alves R., (2015), Secularism and Secularization in Portugal, in Separation of church and state in Europe With views on Sweden, Norway, United Kingdom & Ireland, The Netherlands, France, Portugal, Italy and Slovenia by de Beaufort F. & van Schie P., pp. 113-27.
de Beaufort F. & van Schie P., (2015), The Separation of Church and State in the Netherlands, in Separation of church and state in Europe With views on Sweden, Norway, United Kingdom & Ireland, The Netherlands, France, Portugal, Italy and Slovenia by de Beaufort F. & van Schie P., pp. 77-101.
Bertrand J.R., (2006), State and Church in France: Regulation and Negotiation, in GeoJournal, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 295–306, retrieved from JSTOR.
van Bijsterveld S., (2015), Religion and the Secular State in the Netherlands, in Religion and the Secular State: National Reports by D. D. Thayers, pp. 523-37, retrieved from the International Center for Law and Religion Studies.
Bundesportal.de (Federal Portal by the Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community), (2022), Rights and Duties: Income Tax in Germany, https://verwaltung.bund.de/portal
de Busser C., (2006), Church-State Relations in Spain: Variations on a National-Catholic Theme?, in GeoJournal, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 283–94, retrieved from JSTOR.
Chessex B. & Manon N., (2023), Church Tax in Switzerland, retrieved from RSM Global.
Davie G., (2000), Religion in Modern Europe: A Memory Mutates, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Doe C. N. & Sandberg R., (2007), Church–State Relations in Europe, in Religion Compass, vol. 1, pp. 561-78, retrieved from ORCA: Cardiff University's institutional repository.
Dørum O.E., (2015), The State and Church moving toward Dissolution in Norway, in Separation of church and state in Europe With views on Sweden, Norway, United Kingdom & Ireland, The Netherlands, France, Portugal, Italy and Slovenia by de Beaufort F. & van Schie P., pp. 37-53.
Durisotto D., (2009), Financing of Churches in Italy, retrieved from Stato, Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale.
Ercolessi G. & Hägg I., (2015), Recent Developments in France concerning the Laïcité, in Separation of church and state in Europe With views on Sweden, Norway, United Kingdom & Ireland, The Netherlands, France, Portugal, Italy and Slovenia by de Beaufort F. & van Schie P., pp. 101-13.
Ercolessi G., (2015), Italy: Born as a Secular State in the XIX Century, Back to a Clerical Future in the XXI Century?,in Separation of church and state in Europe With views on Sweden, Norway, United Kingdom & Ireland, The Netherlands, France, Portugal, Italy and Slovenia by de Beaufort F. & van Schie P., pp. 127-45.
E.V.L.fi (Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland official Website), (2023), Church Tax, https://evl.fi
Fokas E., (2020), The Trinity, the “Prevailing Religion,” and the Greek Constitution, article retrieved from BYU Law: International Center for Law and Religion Studies.
Garcimartìn C., (2014), Religion and the Secular State in Ireland, in Religion and the Secular State: National Reports by D. D. Thayers, pp. 403-20, retrieved from the International Center for Law and Religion Studies.
Hagg I. (2015), Sweden – Secular Population and Non-secular State, in Separation of church and state in Europe With views on Sweden, Norway, United Kingdom & Ireland, The Netherlands, France, Portugal, Italy and Slovenia by de Beaufort F. & van Schie P., pp. 23-37.
Hoffer S., (2010), Caesar As God' Caesar As God's Banker: Using Germany er: Using Germany's Church Tax As an Example of Non-Geographically Bounded Taxing Jurisdiction, in Washington University Global Studies Law Review, vol. 9 no. 4, retrieved from Washington University Open Scholarship.
Henkel R., (2006), State-Church Relationships in Germany: Past and Present, in GeoJournal, vol. 67, no. 4,, pp. 307-16, retrieved from JSTOR.
Kyriazopoulos K.N., (2001), The “Prevailing Religion” in Greece: Its Meaning and Implications, in Journal of Church and State, vol. 43 no.3, pp. 511-53, retrieved from JSTOR.
Kiviorg M, (2015), Religion and the Secular State in Estonia, in Religion and the Secular State: National Reports by D. D. Thayers, pp.261-72, retrieved from the International Center for Law and Religion Studies.
Kirchenbeitrag.at (Official Website of the Austrian Catholic Church), (2023), Information about the obligatory Contribution to the Church, https://www.kirchenbeitrag.at
Katolskakyrkan.se (official website of the swedish catholic church), (2017), Faq about Church Duties, https://www.katolskakyrkan.se
Mueller J. J. & Welch P. J., (2001), The Relationships of Religion to Economics, in Review of Social Economy, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 185-202, retrieved from JSTOR.
Messner F., (2015), The Public Funding of Religions in Europe, Routledge, Milton Park & New York.
Papastathis C. K., (2015), Greece: A Faithful Orthodox Christian State : The Orthodox Church in the Hellenic Republic, in Religion and the Secular State: National Reports by D. D. Thayers, pp. 339-75, retrieved from the International Center for Law and Religion Studies.
Pistolesi I., (2012), I diversi modelli di finanziamento pubblico: uno sguardo d’insieme, retrieved from Stato, Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale.
Plesner I. T., (2001), State Church and Church Autonomy in Norway, in Church Autonomy: a Comparative Survey by Robbers G., Frankfurt, Peter Lang.
Robbers G., (1996/2005), State and Church in the European Union, Baden Baden, Germany.
Sandberg R., (2008), Church-State Relations in Europe: from Legal Models to an Interdisciplinary Approach, in Journal of Religion in Europe, vol. 1 no. 3 , pp. 329-52, retrieved from ORCA: Cardiff University's institutional repository.
Schanda B., (2015), Religion and the Secular State in Hungary, in Religion and the Secular State: National Reports by D. D. Thayers, pp. 383-94, retrieved from the International Center for Law and Religion Studies.
Sidsel K., (2018), The Significance of Church Tax. The Historical Background, the Concept and the Significance of Church Tax. The Case of the Established Church in Denmark, Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.
Sidsel K. & Trine B., (2021), Mapping Church Economy in the Nordic Countries, England and Scotland : a Comparative Analysis, in Nordisk Kulturpolitisk Tidsskrift, vol. 24 no.1, pp.78-92, retrieved from Idunn.
Skat.dk (official website of The Danish Customs and Tax Administration), (2023), Types of Tax: Direct Taxes, https://skat.dk/borger
Sweden.se (official website of Swedish Government), (2023), Religion in Sweden: here are 10 takes on religion in Sweden – a mostly secular country where religion still has a role to play, https://sweden.se/
Torfs R., (2007), Religion and State Relationships in Europe, in Religious Studies Review, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 31-41., retrieved from Vietnam Journals Online.
U.S. Department of State, (2022), 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, retrieved from https://www.state.gov/.
