ANALYSIS OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES IN THE MOVIE ‘OUTSOURCED’ (2006)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v9i3.1583Keywords:
cross-cultural communication challenges, cross-cultural communication, movies, content analysisAbstract
Cross-cultural communication has sparked many cultural misunderstandings in today’s world. This happens because of the challenges faced by people from different cultural backgrounds who communicate with each other without having knowledge or familiarity with each other cultures. Besides, different cultural values can be one of the main reasons for cross-cultural communication challenges to happen. This study aims to identify the cross-cultural communication challenges faced by the American and Indian main characters in the movie ‘Outsourced’ (2006). This study investigates the cross-cultural communication challenges faced by the main characters from two different countries: America and India and how the challenges affect them. The researcher employed a qualitative research design by using content analysis to identify the challenges faced by them. The researcher employed two types of data: primary and secondary data, to collect the best materials to support this study to have a better understanding of the study. The researcher employed the purposive sampling method to select the movie that depicted the cross-cultural communication challenges. In this study, the researchers used coding guidelines and coding themes to get the relevant answers to the research questions. The researcher analysed six themes according to the Stumbling Block in Intercultural Communication by Laray M. Barna (1994) to answer the research questions of this study. The results are presented in a table to get a clear view of data on the cross-cultural communication challenges. This study revealed the common challenges of cross-cultural communication faced by people from different cultures based on the movie ‘Outsourced’ (2006) such as the Assumption to Similarity, Language Differences, Nonverbal Misinterpretation, Stereotype or Preconception, Tendency to Evaluate and High Anxiety or Stress. Hence, this study is significant for people who want to learn about cross-cultural communication as well as those who are in a cross-cultural situation at work or institution because it exposes cross-cultural communication challenges and their effects.
Article visualizations:
References
Barna, L. M. (1994). Stumbling blocks in Intercultural Communication. Retrieved from https://www.uwindsor.ca/ctl/sites/uwindsor.ca.ctl/files/stumbling-blocks-in-intercultural-communication.pdf
Binder, J. (2009). Global Project Management: Communication, Collaboration, and Management across Borders. Strategic Direction, 25(9). https://doi.org/10.1108/sd.2009.05625iae.001
Cambridge Dictionary. (2021). Cross-cultural. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cross-cultural
Chepinchikj, N., & Thompson, C. (2016). Analysing cinematic discourse using conversation analysis. Discourse, Context and Media, 14, 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2016.09.001
Corichi, M. (2021, July 25). Eight-in-ten Indians limit meat in their diets, and four-in-ten consider themselves vegetarian. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/07/08/eight-in-ten-indians-limit-meat-in- their-diets-and-four-in-ten-consider-themselves-vegetarian/
Cui, H. (2017). Chinese and Foreign Film and TV Drama Translation from the Perspective of Cross Cultural Communication. DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science, ICSSTE. https://doi.org/10.12783/dtssehs/icsste2017/9254
Fitria, T. N. (2021). Analysis of Culture Shock in “English Vinglish” Movie: A Cross-Cultural Understanding. Jurnal Sahdu, 1(1), 1–11. https://jurnal.lenterah.tech/index.php/sahdu
Furham, A. (2012). Culture shock Choque cultural. Journal of Psychology and Education, 7(1), 9–22. http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=79758800&S=R&D=eue&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLe80SeprM4zdnyOLCmr0%2Bep7VSrqi4TbOWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMOzprlCxqbZRuePfgeyx43zx
Garza Saenz, M., McGregor, T., & Nguyen, M. (2017). A Cross-Cultural Examination of the United States, Argentina, and Mexico Using Hofstede’s Dimensions and the World Values Survey. Humanities and Social Sciences Review, 7(2), 227–236. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327548344_A_Cross-Cultural_Examination_of_the_United_States_Argentina_and_Mexico_Using_Hofstede’s_Dimensions_and_the_World_Values_Survey
Gounder, S. (2004). Chapter 3 - Research methodology and research questions. Research Methodology and Research Method, March 2012, 84–193. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333015026_Chapter_3_-_Research_Methodology_and_Research_Method
Gudykunst, W. B., Matsumoto, Y., Ting-Toomey, S., Nishida, T., Kim, K., & Heyman, S. (1996). The influence of cultural individualism-collectivism, self construals, and individual values on communication styles across cultures. Human Communication Research, 22(4), 510–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00377.x
Hall, E. T., & Hall, M. R. (1990). Part 1 Key Concepts: Underlying Structures of Culture. Understanding Cultural Differences, 6. Retrieved from http://www.csun.edu/~sm60012/Intercultural/Key%20Concepts%20-%20Hall%20and%20Hall%20-%201.pdf
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalising Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307- 0919.1014
Hussain, S. (2018). Managing Communication Challenges in Multicultural Organisations. International Journal of Media, Journalism and Mass Communications, 4(2), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-9479.0402005
Janney, R. (2013). Pragmatics and Cinematic Discourse. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 8(1), 85–113. https://doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2012-0006
Jant, Fred E. 2004. An Introduction to Intercultural Communication. London: Sage Publication. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books?id=K7bU8iXOt0MC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Jayantilal, S., Palacios, T. M. B., & Jorge, S. F. (2015). Cultural dimension of Indian family firms-impact on successor selection. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 13(3), 96–103. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308260212_Cultural_dimension_of_Indian_family_firms-impact_on_successor_selection
Juhász, I. J. (2010). The Workforce in Indian Organisations. An Analysis Based Upon the Dimensions of Hofstede’s Model. The Five Dimensions of Hofstede’s model. Economic Questions, Issues and Problems, 7(4), 38–45. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351346780_The_Workforce_in_Indian_Organizations_An_Analysis_Based_Upon_the_Dimensions_of_Hofstede's_Model
Kiss, G. (2005). Managing cross-cultural communication challenges: Toward a more perfect union in an age of diversity. Aarms, 4(2), 215–223. Retrieved from https://www.matrixparents.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Managing-cross-cultural-communication-challenges-by-Gabriella-Kiss.pdf
Lia, B., Camelia, B., & Blaga, L. (2014). Intercultural Communication Barriers – An Interpersonal Approach. 1, 28–36. Revista Economică 66:1. Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/a/blg/reveco/v66y2014i1p28-36.html
Lindgren, I. (2007). Towards the mitigation of cultural barriers to communication and cooperation. In Division of Industrial Ergonomics (Issue 1300). Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:17174/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Lombardo, J. (2017). Cross-Cultural Communication: Definition, Strategies & Examples. Study.com. Retrieved from http://198.23.153.33/academy/lesson/cross-cultural- communication-definition-strategies-examples.html.
Lopez, V., & Whitehead, D. (2013). Sampling data and data collection in qualitative research. 123–140. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255950308
Lu, C., & Fan, W. (2015). Cross-cultural issues and international business communication practice: From an anthropological perspective. Anthropologist, 22(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891852
Mo, W. (2015). A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Disney Mulan Film and Chinese Mulan Drama Impacts on Chinese Audience’s Attitude. 57. Retrieved from http://dspace.bu.ac.th/handle/123456789/1740
Morente, F., Ferràs, X., & Žižlavský, O. (2018). Innovation Cultural Models: Review and Proposal for Next Steps Modelos culturales de innovación: revisión y propuesta de siguientes pasos Modelos culturais de inovação: revisão e proposta de seguintes passos. Universidad & Empresa, 20(4), 53–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/empresa/a.5433http://dx.doi.org/10. 12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/empresa/a.5433
Muhammad, R. (2005). Promoting intercultural communication. Higher Education Policy, 18(4), 353–359. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.hep.8300099
Neuendorf, A, K. (2017). The Content Analysis Guidebook. Second Edition. Cleveland State University. Sage Publication, Inc. Retrieved from https://methods.sagepub.com/book/the-content-analysis-guidebook-2e
Norales, Fracisca, O. (2006). Cross-Cultural Communication: Concepts, Cases and Challenges. Amherst, NY. Cambria Press. Retrieved from https://www.cambriapress.com/pub.cfm?bid=4
Merriam, B. S. (2009). Qualitative Research. A Guide to Design and Implementation. Second Edition. Jossey Bass. A Wiley Imprint. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Qualitative_Research.html?id=JFN_BwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
Oberg, K. (1960). Cultural Shock: Adjustment to New Cultural Environments. Practical Anthropology, os-7(4), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/009182966000700405
Pandey, S., & Ardichvili, A. (2015). Using films in teaching intercultural concepts: An action research project at two universities in India and the United States. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 27(4), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/nha3.20121
Pipaş, M. D., & Jaradat, M. (2011). Communication barriers. Quality - Access to Success, 12(SUPPL. 2), 333–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/03073289.1978.10805425
Rose, D., Carausu, D., Crone, B., & Sengupta, S. (2014). A Cross-Cultural Examination of the United States and Russia Using Multiple Models. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 07(05), 459–470. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1652446177?accountid=26636%0A
Shachaf, P. (2008). Cultural diversity and information and communication technology impacts on global virtual teams: An exploratory study. Information and Management, 45(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2007.12.003
Sun, H. (2012). Cross-cultural Communication With a focus on Swedish and Chinese employees. Retrieved from http://kau.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:550204/FULLTEXT01
Szeluga-romanska, M. (2020). Chapter 3: Cross-cultural Communication 3.1. Communication Process in a Cross-cultural Setting. In book: Intercultural Management Issues (pp.60-78) Publisher: Difin. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340931541_Chapter_3_Cross-cultural_Communication_31_Communication_Process_in_a_Cross-cultural_Setting
Wang, Z., & Fan, W. (2013). American Values Reflected in Names of US Supermarkets, the Top Five Values and American Dream. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 03(04), 348–355. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2013.34045
Winkelman, M. (1994). Cultural Shock and Adaptation. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73(2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1994.tb01723.x
Yusuf, B. N. B. M., Zulkifli, Z. B., Rashid, I. M. B. A., & Kamil, S. B. (2014). A Study on Barriers of Cross-Cultural Communication in Electronic. The International Journal of Social Sciences, 27(1), 97–117. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267639457_A_Study_on_Barriers_of_Cross-Cultural_Communication_in_Electronic_Based_Companies
