NIGERIA’S ROLE AND ITS PEACEKEEPING CHALLENGES IN AFRICA: AN ASSESSMENT
##semicolon##
https://doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v0i0.84##semicolon##
Nigeria##common.commaListSeparator## Africa##common.commaListSeparator## military##common.commaListSeparator## peacekeeping##common.commaListSeparator## burden and challenges##article.abstract##
The Nigeria’s role in the maintenance of peace and stability in the African continent is great due to its Afrocentric policy. Nigeria has taken part in a numerous peacekeeping and peace-making processes in the continent. In fact, the country’s good largesse has cut across the African continent and beyond where the Nigerian peacekeepers had made the country proud in their efforts abroad when returning peace and stability back to the conflicts zones. However, while Nigeria has been making series of sacrifices both length, breath, left, right and centre, committing huge resources (both human and material resources) towards its peace maintenance in the continents particularly the African region, its home / domestic has been faced with series of havocs. These domestic problems ranging from poverty, insecurity, unemployment, malnutrition, ethno-religious crises and many other more had drawn the attention of scholars on the needs for Nigeria to be more rational in its big brother roles in Africa. Apart from that, the Nigeria’s big brother role in Africa has not been appreciated by the beneficiaries. Nigeria has often been paid back with ingratitude by African countries to which it had been a benefactor. These formed parts of the gap to be filled in this study. This study therefore employs historical and descriptive methodologies through the use of secondary data to assess the burden shouldered by Nigeria in its course for peace and stability in Africa through the peacekeeping role with little or no appreciation from the receivers.
Article visualizations:
##submission.citations##
Abdoulaye, F. (2000). “ECOWAS Mission in Cote d’Ivoire: Partnership for Peace”. www.inwent.org/ef-texte/military/fall.htm - Online last visited on June 15, 2014
Abdurrahman, S. (2005). Peace Support Operations in Africa: A Perspective from Nigeria. Lagos: Nigerian Defense Headquarters.
Abubakar, A. A. (2009). “Peacekeeping in West Africa: the Nigerian experience”, in G. J. Jonah and I. S. Zabadi (Eds.), Peace Support Operations in the New Global Environment: The Nigerian Perspective. Abuja: National Defence College.
Adebajo, A. (2008). “Mad Dogs and Glory: Nigeria’s Interventions in Liberia and Sierra Leone”. In Adebajo, A. and Mustapha, A. (eds.), Gulliver’s Troubles: Nigeria’s Foreign Policy After the Cold War, South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Adekanye, B., (2007). Linking Conflict Diagnosis, Conflict Prevention and Conflict Management in Contemporary Africa. Lagos: Ababa Press Ltd.
Adigbuo, E. R. (2013). “Diplomatic and military co-operations in Nigeria’s foreign policy”, International Affairs and Global Strategy, 13(1), pp. 11–21.
Akindele, R.A. (1988). “Nigeria’s Peacekeeping and Peace-making Role in Chad (1978-79)”. In Oyediran, O. (ed.) Survey of Nigeria Affairs, Nigeria: Macmillan Publisher.
Alao, A, Mackinlay, J. & Olonisakin, F. (1999). Peacekeepers, Politicians and Warlords, Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
Alao, A. (1996). The Burden of Collective Goodwill: The International Involvement in the Liberian Civil War, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishers.
Animasaun, K. (2003). Asylum for Charles Taylor: The Issue. Vanguard, 28 June, pp.35-38.
Aning E.K. (2000). “Towards the New Millennium: ECOWAS’s Evolving Conflict Management System”. African Security Review. 9(5-6), pp. 50-63.
Anyagafu, C. (2003). He Can Come – Unongo. Vanguard, 17 August.
Asongu, S., Efobi, U., and Beecroft, I. (2015). Inclusive Human Development in Pre-crisis Times of Globalization-driven Debts. Journal of African Development Review. Vol. 27, Issue 4, December, pp. 428-442
Ayittey, G.B.N. (ed). (2011). Africa Unchained: The Blueprint for Africa’s Future. Palgrave Macmillan
Bellamy, A.J. & Paul, W. (2005). Conclusion: What Future for Peace Operations? Brahimi & Beyond, Bellamy, A.J. & Paul, W. (eds.), Peace Operation and Global Order, Routledge.
Berman, E.G. & Katie, E.S. (2000). Peacekeeping in Africa : Capabilities and Culpabilities, Geneva: UNDIR; Pretoria: ISS
Betts, R.K. (2006). The Delusion of Impartial Intervention”, Chester, A.C. and Hampson, F.O. (eds.) Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict, Washington, D.C.: United States Institutes of Peace Press, pp. 333-343
Brian, U. (1988). UN Chronicle: A Risky Business. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nigeria_peacekeeping_missions - Online last visited 12th January, 2014)
Carment, D. & James, P. (1998), Peace in the Midst of Wars: Preventing and Managing International Ethnic Conflicts, Columbus, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.
Chester, A.C. & et’al (1996). Managing Global Chaos: Sources and Responses to International Conflict, Washington D.C.: United States Institute for Peace Press.
Chigozie C.F. & Ituma O.S. (2015). “Nigerian Peacekeeping Operations Revisited”. Singaporean Journal of Business Economics, And Management Studies, 4(2), pp. 1-10.
Dokubo C. & Joseph O.A. (2011). “Nigeria’s Role in Conflict Resolution: A New Paradigm”. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 3(3), pp. 551-580.
Ebegbulem, C. J. (2012). “Nigeria and conflict resolution in Africa: the Darfur experience”, Transcience, 3(2), pp. 17–23.
Ebo, F.A. (1999). Lessons and Limitations of the United Nations Conflict Management in Africa. In Saliu, H.A. (ed.) Selected Themes in Nigeria’s Foreign Policy and International Relations, Ilorin: Haytees Publisher.
Eke S.J. (2015). “Why this Charity Begins Abroad: Comparing Nigeria’s Foreign Peacekeeping Undertakings and Domestic Counter-insurgency Operations”, The Round Table, 104(3), 281-296.
Ekoko, A. E. (1993). The police and international community, in T. Tamuno (Ed.), Policing Nigeria, Past, Present and Future. Lagos: Malthouse.
Eze, I.E. (1996). “Nigeria’s Increasing Role in International Peace-keeping Operations”. Cited in Lipede, A.A. and Saliu, H.A. (1998), Nigeria’s Participation in Peace-keeping Operations in Africa; An Analysis of the Cost and Benefits, Defence Studies, 8, pp. 63-78
Fawole, W.A. (2001). Military Power and Third Party Conflict Mediation in West Africa: The Liberia and Sierra Leone Case Studies. Obafemi Awolowo University Press.
Gambari I.A. (2001). “Africa’s Security Questions”. South African Journal of International Affairs. 8(2), pp. 13-20.
Gbor, J. W. T. (2007). The Nigerian army in peace support operations since (1960). In Ogomudia A. (Ed.), Peace Support Operations, Command and Professionalism: Challenges for the Nigerian Armed Forces in the 21st Century and Beyond. Ibadan: Gold Press.
Hallion R.P. (1992). Storm over Iraq: Air Power and the Gulf War. Smithsonian Book.
Hamman S. and Omojuwa K. (2013). “The Role of Nigeria in Peacekeeping Operations from 1960 to 2013”. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(16), December, pp. 27-32
Harrison T. (2016). Analysis of the FY 2017 Defense Budget. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Horowitz M.C. & Narang N. (2014). “Poor Man’s Atomic Bomb? Exploring the Relationship Between weapons of mass destruction”. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58(3), pp. 509-535.
Hultman L., Kathman J., & Shannon M. (2013). “United Nations Peacekeeping and Civilian Protection in Civil War”. American Journal of Political Science, 57(4), October, pp. 875-891.
Human Rights Watch (2006). Imperatives for immediate change to the African Union Mission in Sudan, Human Rights Watch Report, 18(1A).
James, A. (1990). Peacekeeping in International Politics, London: Macmillan Press.
Julie, G.S. (2010). Nigeria’s Global Role in Peacekeeping: From the Congo through Lebanon to Bosnia Herzegovina. In A.M. Jega and J.W. Farris (eds.) Nigeria at Fifty: Contributions to Peace, Democracy and Development. Abuja: Shehu Musa Yar’Adua Foundation.
Lipede, A.A. and Saliu, H.A. (1998). Nigeria’s Participation in Peace-keeping Operations in Africa: An Analysis of the Cost and Benefits. Defence Studies, Vol. 8.
Mitchell, C. (1989), The Structure of International Conflict, London: Macmillan Press.
Montgomery A.H. & Mount A. (2014). “Mis-estimation: Explaining US Failures to Predict Nuclear Weapons Programmes”. Intelligence and National Security. 29(3), pp. 357-386.
Nasong’s W.S. (2015b). From Grievance to Ethnic Mobilization: An Introduction. In Nasong’s W.S. (ed.) The Root of Ethnic Conflict in Africa: From Grievance to Violence. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1-10
Nasong’s W.S. (ed.) (2015a). The Root of Ethnic Conflict in Africa: From Grievance to Violence. Palgrave Macmillan.
Nixon, R. (1983). Real Peace. Boston: Little Brown and Company.
Nwolise, O. (2007). Peace support operations as means to six ends: but what benefits for Nigeria since 1960? in A. Ogomudia (Ed.), Peace Support Operations, Command and Professionalism: Challenges for the Armed Forces in the 21st Century and Beyond. Ibadan: Gold Press.
Ojieh, O.C. (2008). “Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Analysing Nigerian Reactions to the Asylum Offered Former President Charles Taylor of Liberia”, African Journal of International Affairs CODESRIA, 11(1), pp. 71-97
Okereke, E. N. (2009) Nigeria in international peacemaking operations, in M. Ikejiani-Clark (Ed.), Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria: A Reader. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
Okunnu, I. (2010). Nigeria’s leadership role in Africa and daunting challenges. Abuja: Nigerian Export-Import Bank
Olawale, R. (2003). Again, Nigeria Plunges into Liberia. The Guardian, 12 June, p. 12
Olonisakin, F. (2000). Reinventing Peace-keeping in Africa: Conceptual and Legal Issues in ECOMOG Operations, Kluwer Law Publishers
Olonisakin, F. (2008). Lessons Learned from an Assessment of Peace-keeping and Peace Support Operations in West Africa, Ghana: Kofi Annan International Peace-keeping Training Centre
Omaamaka O.F. & Groupson-Paul O. (2015). “Nigeria’s Hegemony in West Africa: Counting the Cost”. Journal of International Studies, Vol.II, pp. 65-89
Omede, J.A. (1994), “Nigeria’s Peace-keeping Initiative in West Africa: The Liberian Case Study” Olorunfemi, J.F. (ed.) Unilorin Social Science, Series No. 1
Oni, E.O. and Taiwo A.M. (2016). Re-Thinking Nigeria’s Foreign Policy Beyond “Big Brotherism” Towards Economic Diplomacy. Canadian Social Science, Vol. 12, No. 10, pp. 62-71
Onoja, A.L. (1996), Peacekeeping and International Security in a Changing World, Jos-Nigeria: Mono Expressions Ltd.
Palmer, N.D. & Perkins, H.C. (1999) International Relations, India: CBS Publishers and Distributors.
Posner, Daniel N. (2005). Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rothchild, D. & Lake, D.A. (1998). Containing Fear: The Management of Transnational Ethnic Conflict. Rothchild, D. and Lake, D.A. (eds) The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion and Escalation, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp.203-226.
Ryan, S. (1995). Ethnic Conflict and International Relations, Hants: Dart Mouth Press.
Sagay, I. (2003). Taylor and African Brotherhood. Vanguard, 13 July.
Salim, A.S. (1996). “Foreign Relations of German Society. O.A.U. Conflict Management”. Bulletine, II(2), August-September, pp. 1-7
Saliu, H.A. (1998). “Nigeria in the International Peacekeeping Efforts: Emerging Trends and Implications for Policy”. The Valiant: A Journal of Nigerian Defence Academy, 36(1).
Saliu, H.A. (2000). “Nigeria and Peace Support Operations: Trends and Policy Implications”. International Peacekeeping, 7(3), Autumn, pp. 105-119
Vogt, M.A. (2001). Regional Peacekeeping and International Enforcement: The Liberian Crisis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Williams P.D. (2016). War & Conflict in Africa. Second Edition, Polity Press, Malden, USA.
Zartman, W.I. and Touval, S. (1998), International Mediation in Post-Cold War Era, Washington D.C.: United States Institutes of Peace Press.
