CULTURE: A VESSEL FOR FEMALE SUBORDINATION IN THREE AFRICAN NOVELS

نویسندگان

  • Doris Nyanta Mphil English Student, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
  • Gabriel Kwame Ankrah Valley View University, School Of Education, Techiman Campus, P. O. Box 183, Techiman, Ghana
  • Opoku Kwasi Valley View University, School Of Education, Techiman Campus, P. O. Box 183, Techiman, Ghana

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v0i0.82

کلمات کلیدی:

feminism, patriarchy, subordination, culture

چکیده

Since the dawn of time, women generally have had fewer legal rights and status in society than their male counterparts. The continuous subordination and suppression of women are further aggravated by traditions, cultural beliefs and religions of most societies which favor patriarchy. Using the radical feminist approach, the present paper attempts an exploration of patriarchy as an aspect of culture which helps to subordinate women as highlighted in Nawal El Saadawi’s A Woman at Point Zero (1983), Buchi Emecheta’s The Joys of Motherhood (1979), and Amma Darko’s  Beyond the Horizon (1995). It also examines the steps taken by the women to free themselves from the “chains” of male domination and oppression. The study revealed that cultural practices such as polygamy, female genital mutilation and sexual abuse facilitate the abuse, subjugation and oppression of women in the novels under study. The study has implications for the theory of feminism and literary criticisms.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter

DOI

مراجع

A. Primary Texts

Darko, A. (1995). Beyond the Horizon: London: Fontana.

Emecheta, B. (1975). The Joys of Motherhood. Heinemann Publications

Nawal, El Saadawi. (1975). Woman at Point Zero. London and New York: Zed Books.

B. Secondary Texts

Beauvior, D. S. (1974). The Second Sex. Vintage Books: New York.

Burke, P. J., Stets, J. E. Pirog-Good, M.A. (1988). "Gender Identity, Self-Esteem, and Physical and Sexual Abuse in Dating Relationships." Social Psychology Quarterly 51:272-285.

Kambarami, M. (2006). Femininity, Sexuality and Culture: Patriarch and Female Subordination in Zimbabwe. Africa Regional Sexuality Resource Centre. University of Fort Hare, South Africa.

Cobuild, C. (2010). Advanced Illustrated Dictionary. Harper Collins Publishers Ltd: Great Britain.

El Sadaawi, N. (1975).A Woman at Point Zero Trans. Sherif Hetata. London: Zed.

Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International difference in work-related values, Newbury Park, C.A: Sage.

Malti-Duoglas, F. (1995). Men, Women, and God(s): Nawal El Saadawi and Arab Feminist Poetics: Berkeley: University of California Press.

McDowell, L and Pringle, R. (1992) Defining women: Social Institutions and Gender Divisions. Oxford: Polity Press.

Stigamot, O. (2008). An Annual Report 2008. Reykjavik: Stigamot.

McKee, A. (2005). The Objectification of Women in Mainstream Pornographic Videos in Australia. The Journal of Sex Research. Vol. 42(4), pp. 277-288.

Mead, M., M´etraux, R. (1953).The Study of Culture at a Distance. University of Chicago Press

Mitchell, J. (1971). Women’s Estate. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Russell, D. E.H. (1998). Dangerous Relationships: Pornography, Misogyny, and Rape. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Spence, J. T., Sawin, L. L. (1985). Images of Masculinity and Femininity: A

Reconceptualization. In Virginia E. O'Leary, Rhoda Kesler Unger, and Barbara Strudler Wallston (eds.), Women, Gender, and Social Psychology. pp. 35-66 Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Spencer-Oatey, H. (2008). Culturally Speaking. Culture, Communication and Politeness. London: Continuum.

Sultana, A. (2011). Patriarchy and Women’s Subordination: A Theoretical Analysis. In the Arts Faculty Journal: pp.1-17

Therborn, G. (2004). Between Sex and Power- Family in the world, 1900-2000. John Urry (Ed.), London and New York: Routlege

Walby, S. (1990). Theorizing Patriarchy. Oxford: Blackwell.

Weitz, R. (2003). The Politics of Women’s Bodies: Sexuality, appearance and behavior: New York: Oxford University Press.

چاپ شده

2017-03-29

شماره

نوع مقاله

Articles