NAVIGUER DANS LA GAMMAPATHIE MONOCLONALE DE SIGNIFICATION INDÉTERMINÉE (GMSI) EN MÉDECINE GÉNÉRALE: CONSEILS CLINIQUES POUR LE NON-SPÉCIALISTE / NAVIGATING MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE (MGUS) IN PRIMARY CARE: CLINICAL GUIDANCE FOR THE NON-SPECIALIST
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46827/ejphs.v8i3.227Keywords:
hématologie, maladie prémaligne, stratification du risque, myélome, gammapathie monoclonale de signification indéterminée, GMSI / hematology, premalignant disease, risk stratification, multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance,Abstract
Introduction : La gammapathie monoclonale de signification indéterminée (GMSI) est un trouble pré-malin des plasmocytes souvent asymptomatique et découvert fortuitement lors d'examens sanguins de routine. Malgré sa nature généralement bénigne, la GMSI nécessite une stratification du risque et une surveillance continue en raison de sa progression potentielle vers un myélome multiple ou d'autres maladies lymphoprolifératives. Méthodes : Une revue narrative de la littérature clé provenant de PubMed, Blood, Embase, Cochrane et New England Journal of Medicine a été menée pour synthétiser les recommandations cliniques actuelles pour le diagnostic, la surveillance et l'orientation des patients atteints de GMSI, spécifiquement dans le contexte des soins primaires. Résultats : La prévalence de la GMSI augmente avec l'âge, affectant environ 3 % des individus de plus de 50 ans et jusqu'à 9 % chez ceux de plus de 85 ans. Le risque moyen de progression vers un myélome multiple ou des troubles apparentés est d'environ 1 % par an. Nous fournissons un résumé des critères diagnostiques (incluant l'électrophorèse des protéines sériques, l'immunofixation et l'analyse des chaînes légères libres), un modèle de stratification du risque validé (niveau de protéine M, ratio FLC, type d'immunoglobuline) et des stratégies de suivi fondées sur des preuves. Les critères d'orientation vers l'hématologie et les stratégies de communication pour rassurer les patients sont également discutés. Conclusion : Les médecins de soins primaires jouent un rôle central dans l'identification précoce et la surveillance à long terme de la GMSI. Une approche structurée du diagnostic et du suivi, basée sur le risque clinique, peut réduire l'anxiété inutile et optimiser les résultats des patients grâce à une orientation opportune lorsque nécessaire.
Introduction: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant plasma cell disorder that is often asymptomatic and incidentally detected during routine blood tests. Although typically benign, MGUS requires risk stratification and ongoing monitoring due to its potential progression to multiple myeloma or other lymphoproliferative disorders. Methods: A narrative review of key literature from PubMed, Blood, Embase, Cochrane, and the New England Journal of Medicine was conducted to synthesize current clinical recommendations for the diagnosis, monitoring, and referral of patients with MGUS, particularly in the primary care setting.
Results: The prevalence of MGUS increases with age, affecting approximately 3% of individuals over 50 years old and up to 9% of those over 85 years old. The average risk of progression to multiple myeloma or related disorders is about 1% per year. We summarize the main diagnostic criteria (including serum protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, and free light chain assay), a validated risk stratification model (M-protein level, FLC ratio, immunoglobulin type), and evidence-based follow-up strategies. Criteria for hematology referral and communication strategies to reassure patients are also discussed. Conclusion: Primary care physicians play a pivotal role in the early identification and long-term monitoring of MGUS. A structured, risk-adapted approach to diagnosis and follow-up can minimize unnecessary anxiety and optimize patient outcomes through timely referral when appropriate.
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