STRESS AND DEPRESSION IN THE EXCLUSION OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN GREEK UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46827/ejphs.v3i1.74Keywords:
COVID-19, university students, stress, depression, psychological impact, SSQ-25, Subclinical Stress Symptom Questionnaire, BDI, Beck Depression Inventory, IES-R, the Impact of Event Scale – RevisedAbstract
With the advent of the new corona virus, all aspects of our daily lives have changed radically, adding great weight to the physical and psychological well-being of all of us, but even more so of students, having to deal with the stress of separation and separation. The aim of the current study was to measure the psychological impact of the new viral disease (COVID-19) on the symptoms of stress and depression in the Greek student population and to determine the possible clinical correlations. 1140 students of the University of Patras participated and 68.0% of the participants reported moderate subclinical anxiety symptoms, which means that the Covid-19 virus initially seemed to affect the stress levels of the students, while 32.3% of the students reported moderate depression symptoms. Student stress seems to be due to the gradually increasing distances between people resulting from quarantine.
References
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th edition). Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Association.
Asukai, N., Kato, H., Kawamura, N., Kim, Y., Yamamoto, K., Kishimoto, J., Miyake, Y., & Nishizono-Maher, A. (2002). Reliability and validity of the Japanese language version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-J): Four studies of different traumatic events. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190 (3), 175-182.
Barbisch, D., Koenig, K. L., & Shih, F. Y. (2015). Is There a Case for Quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.38. Cambridge University Press. Available: https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.38
Bayram, N., & Bilgel, N. (2008). The prevalence and socio-demographic correlations of depression, anxiety and stress among a group of university students. social psychiatry. Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 667-672.
Beck, A. T. (1972). Depression: Causes and Treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1032-8, doi:10.1007/s00115-016-0181-2.
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry research, 287, 112934. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Interim Guidance for Administrators of US Institutions of Higher Education. (March 18, 2020) https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/guidance-ihe-response.html
Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S. E., Goldberstein, E., & Hefner, J. L. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety and suicidallity among university students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 534-542.
Grubic, N., Badovinac, S., & Johri, A.M. (2020). Student mental health in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for further research and immediate solutions. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, DOI: 10.1177/0020764020925108
Helms, E., Wetzel, E., & Weierstall, R. (2017). Development and validation of the Subclinical Stress Symptom Questionnaire SSQ-25. Der Nervenarzt, 88(9), 1050–1057.
Kaparounaki, C. K., Patsali, M. E., Mousa, D.-P. V., Papadopoulou, E. V. K., Papadopoulou, K. K. K., Fountoulakis, K. N. (2020). University students’ mental health amidst the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece. Psychiatry Research, 290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113111
Karalis, T. & Raikou, N. (2020). Teaching at the times of COVID-19: Inferences and implications for higher education pedagogy International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(5), 479–493.
Karalis, T. (2020). Planning and evaluation during educational disruption: Lessons learned from COVID-19 pandemic for treatment of emergencies in education. European Journal of Education Studies, 7 (4), 125-142.
Kmietowicz, Z., (2020). Rules on isolation rooms for suspected covid-19 cases in GP surgeries to be relaxed. BMJ, 368, m707.
Konstantopoulou, G. & Raikou, N. (2020). Clinical evaluation of depression in university students during quarantine due to covid-19 pandemic. European Journal of Public Health Studies, 3(1), 1-8.
Liu, S., Yang, L., Zhang, C., Xiang, Y.T., Liu, S., Hu, S., Zhang, B., (2020). Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30077-8.
McCabe, D. (2019). The Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R). New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing, 19. Available: https://consultgeri.org/try-this/general-assessment/issue-19.pdf
Mei S. L., Yu J. X., He B. W., Li J. Y. (2011). Psychological investigation of university students in a university in Jilin province. Med Soc (Berkeley), 24(05), 84–86.
National Public Health Organization (May 15, 2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) – Important News. Available: https://eody.gov.gr/en/covid-19/
Papadioti-Athanasiou, V., & Kaltsouda, A. (2007). Epidemiological study of students’ mental health (The case of University of Ioannina). In T. Giovazolias, E. Karademas, & A. Kalantzi-Azizi (Eds.), FEDORA-PSYCHE. Crossing Internal and External Borders: Practices for An Effective Psychological Counselling in The European Higher Education. Athens: Ellinika Grammata.
Sawatzky, J. V. (1998). Understanding nursing students’ stress: a proposed framework. Nurse Education Today, 18, 108-115.
Skai News (March 10, 2020). Coronavirus: All schools and universities of the country are closing for 14 days. Available: https://www.skai.gr/news/greece/tsiodras-eody-koronoios
University of Patras (April 30, 2020). Psychological support for all university community members - COVID-19. Press Release 29/2019-2020. Available: https://www.upatras.gr/el/node/9181
University of Patras COVID-19 Committee (April 8, 2020). Second Report of the Committee for the education in the University in COVID-19 situation [in Greek]. Available: https://eclass.upatras.gr/courses/EE994/
Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD: A Practitioner’s Handbook (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford Press.
Williams, B. (2020). Mental health concerns arise amid COVID-19 epidemic. Psychiatry Advisor, February 26, 2020. Available: https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/home/topics/general-psychiatry/mental-health-concerns-arise-amid-covid-19-epidemic/.
Xiao, C., 2020. A novel approach of consultation on 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)- Related psychological and mental problems: structured letter therapy. Psychiatry Investig. 17 (2), 175–176.
Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Cheung, T., & Xiang, Y.T. (2020). Mental health services for older adults in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30079-1.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
